Chinese immigrants and their descendants were depicted in many unflattering ways in the last half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century. Their clothing, language, and foods were often targets of jest and ridicule. More harmful were the stereotypes of Chinese as cunning, devious, and untrustworthy.
A classic portrayal of this image is the short satirical poem written in 1870 by the well-known California poet and short story writer, Bret Harte. Originally entitled Plain Language from Truthful James, it became known as The Heathen Chinee because of its unflattering depiction of Ah Sin, a Chinese who won a card game of euchre played against two white men, Truthful James, and Bill Nye.
Till at last he put down a right bower,
Which the same Nye had dealt unto me.
Then I looked up at Nye,
And he gazed upon me;
And he rose with a sigh,
And said, 'Can this be?
We are ruined by Chinese cheap labor,
Realizing that Ah Sin had cheated them, Nye fights Ah
Sin and in the shuffle discovers that Ah Sin had several packs of cards hidden up his sleeves. The white players dispatch Ah Sin with some
swift kicks to his derriere.
This brief poem ends with the narrator reiterating his belief that the Heathen Chinee is full of tricks and peculiar.
Which is why I remark,
And my language is plain,
That for ways that are dark
And for tricks that are vain,
The heathen Chinee is peculiar, --
Which the same I am free to maintain.
Bret Harte's personal attitude toward the plight of Chinese immigrants was sympathetic even though his poem might suggest otherwise. The intent of the poem has been viewed as a satirical commentary on the hypocrisy of whites who cheated the Chinese but then attacked them for the same behavior. Nonetheless, the poem reinforced this negative image of all Chinese that was in keeping with the national animosity against cheap Chinese labor that led to the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, not too long after the poem was published. The image of the heathen Chinee created by Harte's poem quickly became a popular term of derision of Chinese and reprinted in newspapers across the country even as late as the 1920s, half a century later. (Folk singers even put the poem to music)
James Brunton Stephens: 2 Poems on Chinee Cooks
This negative stereotype of Chinese was not limited to the American West, but can also be found in the poetry of James Brunton Stephens, a Scot who moved to Australia. In a collection of poems published in 1873 shortly after Harte's poem, entitled My Chinee Cook, Stephens shows his bias against Chinese in the subtitle, "And Other Humourous Poems." He begins the poem by expressing his admiration for his Chinee cook who worked diligently doing housework as well as cooking delicious food.
He did the work of man and maid—made beds and swept out
rooms;
Nor cooled he in his zeal, as is the manner of new brooms:
Oh, he shed celestial brightness on the most sequestered
nook,
For his mop and pail were everywhere—my cleanly Chinee cook.
We got fat upon his cooking; we were happy in those days,
For he tickled up our palates in a thousand pleasant ways.
Oh his dinners! Oh his dinners! they were fit for any duke!
Oh delectable Mongolian! Oh celestial Chinee cook!
However, something seemed not quite right to Stephens as suggested in this verse:
And day by day upon my wife and me the mystery grew,
How his virtues were so many and his earnings were so few;
And we laid our heads together to find out by hook or crook,
The secret of the cheapness of that priceless Chinee cook.
One day, Stephens discovered to his dismay that the Chinee cook
was a jewel thief when he tried to sell his stolen goods at very cheap prices
to his wife.
And dirt cheap, too, were the jewels of that jewel of a
cook.
I returned, and just in time to stop the purchase of the
lot,
And to ask him where on earth those costly jewels he had
got,
And when I looked him in the face, good gracious how he
shook!
My Other Chinee Cook
In another poem, My Other Chinee Cook Stephens related that he eventually hired another Chinee cook who did not cook as well as the first one, but his redeeming feature was his exquisite rabbit pie.
He was lazy, he was cheeky, he was dirty, he was sly,
But he had a single virtue, and its name was rabbit pie.
Ready to fire this cook, Stephens vacillated because of the
wonderful rabbit pie.
For we tacitly postponed the sacking-point till by-and-bye,
And we tacitly said nothing save the one word, “rabbit pie!”
Though where he got the rabbits John would ne'er vouchsafe
to say;
But we never seemed to tire of them, and daily could descry
Subtle shades of new delight in each successive rabbit pie.
However, later Stephens was sickened when his Chinee cook explained why he could not make another pie for a guest:
“Last-a week-a plenty puppy; this-a week-a puppy done!”
Just then my wife, my love, my life, the apple of mine eye,
Was seized with what seemed “mal-de-mer,” — “sick transit”
rabbit pie!
Before the cook could flee, Stephens beat the cook thoroughly.
And I—I rushed on Johnny, and I smote him hip and thigh,
And I never saw him more, nor tasted more of rabbit pie.
As in Harte's poem, the two poems of Stephens depict the "Chinee" as deceptive or inscrutable and a cheat or dishonest person. In all three poems, the whites physically attack the "Chinee" who is defenseless and does not fight back.
The Heathen Chinee, a little poem that criticized both whites and Chinese for cheating, became an enduring negative representation of the Chinese as devious and deceitful cheaters.
