tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88358680032356654602024-03-18T02:48:22.250-07:00A Chinese American Historian By ChanceChinese American History with a focus on immigrant family life experiencesChinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.comBlogger306125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-73941981875888142262021-05-24T11:13:00.002-07:002021-05-24T11:13:27.539-07:00The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Banned Entry of, But Did Not Define, Chinese Laborers <p>Below is the introductory section and closing section of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. It is directed entirely to the exclusion of laborers as opposed to merchants, students, and diplomats but the text mentions only "laborers" which is not clearly defined. It was not until the Surgeon General's Report on Leprosy 20 years later in 1902 that it is explicitly stated that <b>Chinese laundrymen and restaurant workers are laborers</b> and ineligible for entry after 1882. In 1915, it was recognized the while some restaurant workers such as waiters, cooks, dishwashers were laborers, some owners of large restaurants could have a merchant status. As far as I could determine, Chinese laundrymen never received merchant status.</p><p>The law did not apply to Chinese laborers who had been in the U.S. by Nov. 17, 1880.</p><h1 style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Transcript of Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)</p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese.</p><p class="p2" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof: Therefore,</p><p class="p2" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, and until the expiration of ten years next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.</p><p class="p2" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Only in the last section is any attempt made to "define" laborers.</p><p class="p2" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">SEC.15. That the words "Chinese laborers", wherever used in this act shall be construed to mean both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.</p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/print_friendly.php?flash=false&page=transcript&doc=47&title=Transcript+of+Chinese+Exclusion+Act+%281882%29" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ffa400;">Complete text of Chinese Exclusion Act</span></a></p></h1>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-4149937185934385702021-05-23T21:19:00.000-07:002021-05-23T21:19:08.635-07:00Report on San Francisco Chinatown Bubonic Plague, 1900-1904 and Rules for Chinese Laborers<p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>San Francisco Chinatown, from its beginnings in the early to mid-19th century, was a small area with unhealthy, filthy, and crowded conditions which received few sanitation services from the city government. Not surprisingly, it was at high risk for contagious and other diseases. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>In 1900, a Chinese died of bubonic plague and in the next years, two more Chinese suffered the same fate. Chinese, already targets of racial antagonism became "medical scapegoats by the last quarter of the century. Chinatown was quarantined and there was talk of razing all the buildings and moving the Chinese to a different part of the city.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span> The federal government became involved over the possibility that the plague might spread beyond San Francisco. The first annual report on the nation's health status, the Surgeon General's Report, published in 1902, focused on contagious diseases such as leprosy and bubonic plague that were often viewed as associated with the Chinese.</span><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uv_cMvJNQgM/YJyrNAf5taI/AAAAAAAA0a8/HoPPrHhqy-gxfS5akAF-rjhJHcUbbqYTQCLcBGAsYHQ/s741/1902%2B3.24%2Bletter%2Bfrom%2Bsecty%2Bof%2Btreasury%2B%2Btrans%2Blet%2Bfrom%2Bsurgeon%2Bgeneral%2Bleprosy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="635" height="371" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uv_cMvJNQgM/YJyrNAf5taI/AAAAAAAA0a8/HoPPrHhqy-gxfS5akAF-rjhJHcUbbqYTQCLcBGAsYHQ/w318-h371/1902%2B3.24%2Bletter%2Bfrom%2Bsecty%2Bof%2Btreasury%2B%2Btrans%2Blet%2Bfrom%2Bsurgeon%2Bgeneral%2Bleprosy.png" width="318" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The listing of topics related to Chinese was covered at length as the modified Table of Contents shows.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vJfxA7P3kcE/YJyrqPErLuI/AAAAAAAA0bE/1rFkcvk88286kTGP4hA4Y-NLeRdQbARBwCLcBGAsYHQ/s726/1902%2BT.o.C.%2Baundrymen%2Blaborers%2Bstatus.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="652" height="592" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vJfxA7P3kcE/YJyrqPErLuI/AAAAAAAA0bE/1rFkcvk88286kTGP4hA4Y-NLeRdQbARBwCLcBGAsYHQ/w531-h592/1902%2BT.o.C.%2Baundrymen%2Blaborers%2Bstatus.png" width="531" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZSa52zlFXb8/YJywEBXcrgI/AAAAAAAA0bM/PuuTYvQyu3IrAivWCFxe9z8ncz63Mx_lgCLcBGAsYHQ/s830/2.%2B%2B1893%2BChin%2Blaundrymen%2Bnot%2Bmerchants.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="477" height="858" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZSa52zlFXb8/YJywEBXcrgI/AAAAAAAA0bM/PuuTYvQyu3IrAivWCFxe9z8ncz63Mx_lgCLcBGAsYHQ/w493-h858/2.%2B%2B1893%2BChin%2Blaundrymen%2Bnot%2Bmerchants.png" width="493" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Considerable space focused on the distinction between merchants and laborers since the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act allowed merchants, but not laborers, the right to enter the U.S. The document states in no uncertain terms that laundrymen were laborers, and not merchants.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Insofar as by 1902, the year of this report, there were hundreds, if not thousands, of Chinese who worked in laundries, several puzzles arise. How did the Chinese become laundrymen if they were classified as laborers, ineligible for admission to the U.S. Perhaps some were born here and could not be 'denied entry' for being laborers. Perhaps others were paper sons. As such, they were eligible to enter and work in laundries established before the 1882 law denying entry to laborers.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ypI-ZQ2xqpo/YJywRvd0n6I/AAAAAAAA0bQ/5hDjEG5S55IhF9KRYbM058P245nKf8TGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s809/1%2B1897%2Bcertif%2Bof%2Breg%2Bonly%2Bissued%2Bto%2Bpersons%2Bdomiciled%2Bin%2Bu.s.%2Bfor%2Bright%2Bto%2Breenter.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="597" height="660" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ypI-ZQ2xqpo/YJywRvd0n6I/AAAAAAAA0bQ/5hDjEG5S55IhF9KRYbM058P245nKf8TGwCLcBGAsYHQ/w488-h660/1%2B1897%2Bcertif%2Bof%2Breg%2Bonly%2Bissued%2Bto%2Bpersons%2Bdomiciled%2Bin%2Bu.s.%2Bfor%2Bright%2Bto%2Breenter.png" width="488" /></a></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The document also devoted much detail to Certificates of Registration imposed by the Geary Act of 1892, describing the conditions for obtaining and presenting them when traveling out of the U.S.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UpffymHdJJ8/YJyweSY0WZI/AAAAAAAA0bU/29RrpxzL2jIOfmW441_ZWm3lnAX7a34JACLcBGAsYHQ/s775/3.%2B1897%2Bwives%2Bof%2Blaborer%2B%2526certifs%2Bfor%2Bdeparted%2Blaborers%2Bwanting%2Bto%2Breenter%2Bmust%2Bhave%2Bcertif%2Bbef%2Blv%253F.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="516" height="620" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UpffymHdJJ8/YJyweSY0WZI/AAAAAAAA0bU/29RrpxzL2jIOfmW441_ZWm3lnAX7a34JACLcBGAsYHQ/w412-h620/3.%2B1897%2Bwives%2Bof%2Blaborer%2B%2526certifs%2Bfor%2Bdeparted%2Blaborers%2Bwanting%2Bto%2Breenter%2Bmust%2Bhave%2Bcertif%2Bbef%2Blv%253F.png" width="412" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Other topics included the prohibition of Chinese employed on ships to go on shore while their ships were docked in U.S. ports.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Laborers returning with documentation to reenter the U.S. could not bring their wives because of their laborer status.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-jgeuZOSC3ac/YKso_vu_vlI/AAAAAAAA0fM/RFm7zTKMvWsK5n7EynszQZT1F5MaI4lXACLcBGAsYHQ/laborer%2Bcan%2Bnot%2Bbring%2Bwife%2Bover..and%2Bbefore%2Bdepart%2Bget%2Bcert%2Bof%2Breg.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="420" height="315" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-jgeuZOSC3ac/YKso_vu_vlI/AAAAAAAA0fM/RFm7zTKMvWsK5n7EynszQZT1F5MaI4lXACLcBGAsYHQ/w456-h315/laborer%2Bcan%2Bnot%2Bbring%2Bwife%2Bover..and%2Bbefore%2Bdepart%2Bget%2Bcert%2Bof%2Breg.png" width="456" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The heights of laborers should be measured with their shoes removed.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Fs24KcIY1Mw/YKsotWvzLYI/AAAAAAAA0fE/hm6SxS7IHrU3S1rK8uV70i16H65cJYEggCLcBGAsYHQ/meas%2Blabiorer%2Bheight%2Bw%2Bshoes%2Boff.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="598" height="149" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Fs24KcIY1Mw/YKsotWvzLYI/AAAAAAAA0fE/hm6SxS7IHrU3S1rK8uV70i16H65cJYEggCLcBGAsYHQ/w454-h149/meas%2Blabiorer%2Bheight%2Bw%2Bshoes%2Boff.png" width="454" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><p></p></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-33496725229461482712021-05-19T17:00:00.002-07:002021-05-19T17:02:15.490-07:00Chinaman was the most used term in Newspaper Articles involving Chinese, 1870s-1940s<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='606' height='504' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwpKLNODqe-XhznafjzxdOr0ZneGE08ID8W3bfCsZTIfBvlrDkhMrBc5gdr6OI38uB-BP4rSXEouLU9MzsyDw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Newspaper articles from the mid-19th century until around 1940 that involved Chinese typically referred to them as "Chinaman" regardless of whether the topic was negative such as Chinese being robbed, attacked, or murdered or mocking such as descriptions of "strange" Chinese customs, attire, or food, or positive such as financial success, positive contributions to their communities. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Examples of some of the headlines for these articles are presented here. After the end of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943, there was a pronounced drop in the use of "Chinaman" which was viewed as derogatory.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">A visual representation of this shift can be seen in the use of Chinaman in books using Google's Ngram. Although the corpus of text for books is not the same as for newspapers, there is probably a positive correlation between the two sources.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-qXwfNgOc9iI/YKWmGhAyoOI/AAAAAAAA0es/deYKs5lB5QUedi46umRFywU5strPrnBHwCLcBGAsYHQ/Screen%2BShot.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1338" height="346" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-qXwfNgOc9iI/YKWmGhAyoOI/AAAAAAAA0es/deYKs5lB5QUedi46umRFywU5strPrnBHwCLcBGAsYHQ/w586-h346/Screen%2BShot.png" width="586" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><br /><p></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-62296143208819115512021-05-15T20:43:00.002-07:002021-05-15T20:43:27.994-07:00How Images of the Chinese Laundryman Finally Improved<p> Demeaning negative images of the Chinese laundryman existed by the 1850s when their numbers rapidly increased. Mocking images made fun of his queue, clothing, and work setting and method as in ads for laundry soap.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PQrW-peqoI4/YKCPe6V__oI/AAAAAAAA0eE/YIQEdMb8DBIRzEqqqAffqrsDSJ-lgj_lgCLcBGAsYHQ/s680/72-216.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="533" height="298" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PQrW-peqoI4/YKCPe6V__oI/AAAAAAAA0eE/YIQEdMb8DBIRzEqqqAffqrsDSJ-lgj_lgCLcBGAsYHQ/w233-h298/72-216.jpg" width="233" /></a></div><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="311" height="319" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6vD4OMLdPls/YJ9XAi_K0MI/AAAAAAAA0dI/mZIJuYwohvcedX7KSPhTzdGjk8c_NJmSwCLcBGAsYHQ/w248-h319/ad%2BChinese-Laundryman-.jpg" width="248" /></div><br /><p></p><p>Other ads with hostile images conveyed aggressive actions toward them as in an ad for a wringer that urged the solution to the Chinese question as "the Chinese must go!".</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qr61rmGbNjI/YJ9YEVmUl-I/AAAAAAAA0dQ/IiGeMIaduOMZkTKgMM55WOBhuFhI_b0MwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/peerless%2Bwringer%2Bcopy.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="640" height="374" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qr61rmGbNjI/YJ9YEVmUl-I/AAAAAAAA0dQ/IiGeMIaduOMZkTKgMM55WOBhuFhI_b0MwCLcBGAsYHQ/w234-h374/peerless%2Bwringer%2Bcopy.jpeg" width="234" /></a></div><br /><p>It took several decades before ads that included Chinese laundrymen became less negative. A mid-20th century ad promoting a home washing machine used a group of Chinese laundrymen surrounding this object in a mixture of awe and puzzlement as well as a feeling of a threat to their livelihood.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WRMsK7wMHFA/YJ9a7tPJI4I/AAAAAAAA0dg/Namsyg9Y_y0to5W157mbQ-S1ayxcGuTxQCLcBGAsYHQ/s764/8132348639e10bb8b0a9eeacdc5b8bd9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="554" height="599" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WRMsK7wMHFA/YJ9a7tPJI4I/AAAAAAAA0dg/Namsyg9Y_y0to5W157mbQ-S1ayxcGuTxQCLcBGAsYHQ/w434-h599/8132348639e10bb8b0a9eeacdc5b8bd9.jpg" width="434" /></a></div></div><br /><p>In the 1960s, a leading maker of men's business shirts, Van Heusen, made a bold move in their advertisements in national magazines such as LIFE using handsome Chinese male models dressed in American style attire, Van Heusen shirts, of course, to promote their easy to clean shirts made with new material such as dacron. Suzanne Shapiro, the company historian contacted me for reaction to Van Heusen shirt ads from the late 1960s featuring Chinese men neatly attired in Van Heusen shirts, which pointed out that times had changed. Whereas Chinese laundrymen once ironed Van Heusen shirts, now Van Heusen "presses his shirts," in the sense that new fabrics such as dacron did not require the labor of the Chinese laundryman.</p><p>The irony in the ads was more than a statement about Van Heusen's innovation displacing the need for the laundryman's services, but also a recognition that the Chinese laundry was a business in decline with technological changes, e.g., widespread home laundry equipment, aging laundrymen, and educated offspring able to enter white-collar and professional careers.</p><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7_4EEKFvzSI/YJ9feS9SrQI/AAAAAAAA0dw/MwrONw-aXcQbaAdAhiCPlmbMo6Z72QkngCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/van%2Bheusen%2Bhistorian%2BSuz%2BShapiro.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1083" height="1189" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7_4EEKFvzSI/YJ9feS9SrQI/AAAAAAAA0dw/MwrONw-aXcQbaAdAhiCPlmbMo6Z72QkngCLcBGAsYHQ/w629-h1189/van%2Bheusen%2Bhistorian%2BSuz%2BShapiro.png" width="629" /></a></p><p></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-25469256542784646912021-05-11T21:32:00.008-07:002021-05-11T21:50:45.601-07:00Chinese Surnames of Immigrants from Guangdong<p style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chinese surnames pose problems for several reasons not the least of which is that the word order in Chinese is the opposite of that in English with the surname coming first so that Americans often assume that the surname is the person’s given name. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 36pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the Chinese name is represented by an ideogram or Chinese character it is necessary to create a phonetic version based on how the Chinese name sounds when spoken. However, there are often slightly different spellings or anglicized versions. In practical terms, this may not be a major problem because the variations all sound more or less the same. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, when </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">these variations of the same name are </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">written with letters of the alphabet instead of spoken some major problems can arise. For example, if a Chinese wanted to leave the country for a visit, he must file for a Certificate of Registration before his departure so that he can return later. However, if the spelling of his name on different documents is not identical, he risks not being readmitted even though he has proper documentation.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">The authoritative guide to Chinese surnames published in 1904 in San Francisco was by David D. Jones, the official court interpreter in San Francisco.<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-y9aNE7XSCkk/YJtOVWiQ0sI/AAAAAAAA0X8/FLZMElZ3TBg4KYT1hwDDC9a2PSs-J77SwCLcBGAsYHQ/surnames%2Bof%2Bchin%2Bin%2BAmer%2B1902.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Palatino, serif; font-size: 40px;">+</b></div><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-y9aNE7XSCkk/YJtOVWiQ0sI/AAAAAAAA0X8/FLZMElZ3TBg4KYT1hwDDC9a2PSs-J77SwCLcBGAsYHQ/surnames%2Bof%2Bchin%2Bin%2BAmer%2B1902.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="884" data-original-width="522" height="326" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-dONbeHARmKo/YJtOl9P5uAI/AAAAAAAA0YI/jWpwQN_Gx9o2_UBEMB4cAnd5OKGv15DFgCLcBGAsYHQ/w193-h326/surnames%2Bof%2Bchin%2Bin%2BAmer%2B1902.png" width="193" /></span><img alt="" data-original-height="949" data-original-width="578" height="327" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-XDnj5bhLpSo/YJtOgRHvEZI/AAAAAAAA0YA/F_I5W893myAhr8v6GPU6h-WjIcIqWldmwCLcBGAsYHQ/w199-h327/title%2Bdavid%2Bd.%2Bjones%2Bsys%2Bof%2Bnaming%2BOfficial%2Bchin%2Binterpreter.png" width="199" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HiqeV01ZJkA/YJtaJND6J4I/AAAAAAAA0aE/hvAqrIFhFPMSLRSTSrq_nPUwLlHzSGJOQCLcBGAsYHQ/s935/guangdong%2Bmap.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="935" height="397" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HiqeV01ZJkA/YJtaJND6J4I/AAAAAAAA0aE/hvAqrIFhFPMSLRSTSrq_nPUwLlHzSGJOQCLcBGAsYHQ/w637-h397/guangdong%2Bmap.png" width="637" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-y9aNE7XSCkk/YJtOVWiQ0sI/AAAAAAAA0X8/FLZMElZ3TBg4KYT1hwDDC9a2PSs-J77SwCLcBGAsYHQ/surnames%2Bof%2Bchin%2Bin%2BAmer%2B1902.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-HtJqpIKcEow/YJtSh2cmBvI/AAAAAAAA0ZM/LzIv06ilMPcZGCpQv6Q8kY6WrZTDbwHzwCLcBGAsYHQ/sur%2B1-5.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-HtJqpIKcEow/YJtSh2cmBvI/AAAAAAAA0ZM/LzIv06ilMPcZGCpQv6Q8kY6WrZTDbwHzwCLcBGAsYHQ/sur%2B1-5.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="568" height="344" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-HtJqpIKcEow/YJtSh2cmBvI/AAAAAAAA0ZM/LzIv06ilMPcZGCpQv6Q8kY6WrZTDbwHzwCLcBGAsYHQ/w208-h344/sur%2B1-5.png" width="208" /></a></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ee;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kCVyZURdNL4/YJtTsltgpJI/AAAAAAAA0ZY/R6fXg_rowIArw5SOxxSCgo5F7S_gviUvACLcBGAsYHQ/s928/sur%2B6-9.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="556" height="411" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kCVyZURdNL4/YJtTsltgpJI/AAAAAAAA0ZY/R6fXg_rowIArw5SOxxSCgo5F7S_gviUvACLcBGAsYHQ/w246-h411/sur%2B6-9.png" width="246" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><u><br /></u></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2K1qXIzHRI4/YJtRrpRB_kI/AAAAAAAA0Yk/jRHNtKJe5xkbQv3xvu7Rr1i0cvIUlw3zACLcBGAsYHQ/s932/Sur%2B10-13.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="932" data-original-width="543" height="364" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2K1qXIzHRI4/YJtRrpRB_kI/AAAAAAAA0Yk/jRHNtKJe5xkbQv3xvu7Rr1i0cvIUlw3zACLcBGAsYHQ/w212-h364/Sur%2B10-13.png" width="212" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V5OfVau_TLA/YJtT9kQ1e9I/AAAAAAAA0Zk/o1BWNnp5Z0Y1LWv0xf02GwGP3upkE0hBgCLcBGAsYHQ/s949/Sur%2B14-19.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="949" data-original-width="573" height="427" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V5OfVau_TLA/YJtT9kQ1e9I/AAAAAAAA0Zk/o1BWNnp5Z0Y1LWv0xf02GwGP3upkE0hBgCLcBGAsYHQ/w258-h427/Sur%2B14-19.png" width="258" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hvEFNRX7sTc/YJtUIEm7GyI/AAAAAAAA0Zo/mzt-BWW8-PEH-tGJMYFCnnM6NbNPK5qzwCLcBGAsYHQ/s950/sur%2B20-22.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="950" data-original-width="573" height="405" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hvEFNRX7sTc/YJtUIEm7GyI/AAAAAAAA0Zo/mzt-BWW8-PEH-tGJMYFCnnM6NbNPK5qzwCLcBGAsYHQ/w244-h405/sur%2B20-22.png" width="244" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="554" height="382" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2AT1NsE_cb0/YJtRs0Kp6qI/AAAAAAAA0Y0/lp_u4SJpSjs3MMq-pCKNSvH4mmu900P4wCLcBGAsYHQ/w227-h382/sur%2B23-26.png" width="227" /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hhfP6peCFRc/YJtRrkZs8OI/AAAAAAAA0Yo/MXk7a-EpPzIMNTj00_f3i96MDLvB087NQCLcBGAsYHQ/s935/Sur%2B26-29.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="570" height="397" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hhfP6peCFRc/YJtRrkZs8OI/AAAAAAAA0Yo/MXk7a-EpPzIMNTj00_f3i96MDLvB087NQCLcBGAsYHQ/w242-h397/Sur%2B26-29.png" width="242" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UKXPAxYO-Oc/YJtRsNYVnPI/AAAAAAAA0Ys/och7czosWjof1ob_tHnRbsGpob7ZPo7cgCLcBGAsYHQ/s941/Sur%2B30-31.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="941" data-original-width="560" height="436" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UKXPAxYO-Oc/YJtRsNYVnPI/AAAAAAAA0Ys/och7czosWjof1ob_tHnRbsGpob7ZPo7cgCLcBGAsYHQ/w259-h436/Sur%2B30-31.png" width="259" /></a></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As 'bonuses', included are definitive explanations of major topics of relevance to Chinese immigrants and people who deal with them such as the difference between a merchant and a laborer, rules regarding the status of sons of merchants, rules governing partnerships, rules governing rights of Chinese employed on U.S. ships, and rules about right to reenter the U.S. after leaving.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">One surprise was learning that in 1904 Chinese laundrymen as well as restaurant operators were classified as laborers, not as merchants, even if they had earned a large sum of money. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-qeiNbOnDSEA/YJteI4Ln_GI/AAAAAAAA0aQ/u3PI6VAobJsW0mP49d4XVXkIA1W3McdsgCLcBGAsYHQ/1904%2Blaundrymen%2Bnot%2Bmerchants.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="49" data-original-width="376" height="60" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-qeiNbOnDSEA/YJteI4Ln_GI/AAAAAAAA0aQ/u3PI6VAobJsW0mP49d4XVXkIA1W3McdsgCLcBGAsYHQ/w457-h60/1904%2Blaundrymen%2Bnot%2Bmerchants.png" width="457" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This fact raises the question of why many laundrymen were not deported if they had not been born in the U.S. and protected by birthright citizenship. Many laundrymen who came as paper sons would have not been protected by this mechanism and probably deportable. My father would have had that tenuous status but he did pay $500 to be a "paper merchant" and I have to wonder if that action protected him from possible deportation. I will examine this further in a future post.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GD9GRF1DkHo/YJtZmJx6HhI/AAAAAAAA0Z0/C4oKbMAEKKYKWNb86cDavhNXG9dLEkuTwCLcBGAsYHQ/s943/laborer%2Brules.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="568" height="507" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GD9GRF1DkHo/YJtZmJx6HhI/AAAAAAAA0Z0/C4oKbMAEKKYKWNb86cDavhNXG9dLEkuTwCLcBGAsYHQ/w306-h507/laborer%2Brules.png" width="306" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IYWPe6FamNU/YJtd8T0vynI/AAAAAAAA0aM/TpbkeTWMXDsaD_q2z9l9Nw7cgaUvKgQOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s916/merchants.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="566" height="517" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IYWPe6FamNU/YJtd8T0vynI/AAAAAAAA0aM/TpbkeTWMXDsaD_q2z9l9Nw7cgaUvKgQOwCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h517/merchants.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>An archive has a <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14044256M/The_surnames_of_the_Chinese_in_America_spelled_according_to_the_David_Jones_system_of_spelling_Chine" target="_blank">free readable and downloadable version</a> of the entire volume.<div><br /><div><br /></div></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-338129118480126472021-04-11T16:13:00.000-07:002021-04-11T16:13:35.252-07:00Li Hung Chang and Chop Suey<p style="text-align: justify;"> Chinese statesman Li Hung-Chang (1823-1901) was a towering figure in late nineteenth-century Chinese political life, exerting a profound influence over Chinese foreign policy and relations and overseeing China's modernization and development of western-style industrialism. When news of his plans to visit America in 1896, newspapers published extensive information and praise of his achievements, creating crowds in New York wanting to catch a glimpse of this celebrity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-F_iIyllfrz0/YHOA7mEK4OI/AAAAAAAA0N4/6eS1yG6ypYgdB9vQZCZzJD2Xd9Pjyn0zgCLcBGAsYHQ/The_St__Joseph_Herald_Sun__Jul_19__1896_.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2599" data-original-width="1210" height="1185" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-F_iIyllfrz0/YHOA7mEK4OI/AAAAAAAA0N4/6eS1yG6ypYgdB9vQZCZzJD2Xd9Pjyn0zgCLcBGAsYHQ/w552-h1185/The_St__Joseph_Herald_Sun__Jul_19__1896_.png" width="552" /></a></div><br />Li visited the U.S. in 1896 on a diplomatic mission but what his visit is most noted for is his connection with a rather pedestrian Chinese dish, chop suey. The legend goes that one night the Viceroy, tired of American banquet fare, wanted Chinese food late one night. The restaurant was out of most ingredients by that hour but the chef cobbled all the leftover cuttings from vegetables and stir-fried a dish for his distinguished guest. Reporters who were present reported that he enjoyed the dish which was called "chop suey." When this news was reported in newspapers across the country, it generated high curiosity among the "foodies" of the era who ventured in groups to go 'slumming' in the dark and dangerous big city Chinatowns.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Many Chinese restaurants, such as long-running Yee Jun in San Francisco not only added various versions of chop suey to their menus but capitalized on the publicity about the Viceroy's approval of the concoction by including a <b>Li Hung-Chang chop suey.</b></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"><img alt="" data-original-height="676" data-original-width="522" height="421" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-XAdGTSN84TI/YHI6_yhanWI/AAAAAAAA0NE/3oRxM6Ky958LaBcsw3jCu9wh4qNCsCW5ACLcBGAsYHQ/w324-h421/sf%2B%2Byee-jun-restaurant_1_101834%2Bwashington%2B.jpg" width="324" /><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-6yUlnQZFyYw/YHI7ShRaxUI/AAAAAAAA0NM/zY9yvUTt6-YxPUMVyVLZ6BE7AEDsMAo5QCLcBGAsYHQ/yee%2Bjun%2Brest%2B-sf%2Bmenu3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1132" data-original-width="730" height="427" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-6yUlnQZFyYw/YHI7ShRaxUI/AAAAAAAA0NM/zY9yvUTt6-YxPUMVyVLZ6BE7AEDsMAo5QCLcBGAsYHQ/w275-h427/yee%2Bjun%2Brest%2B-sf%2Bmenu3.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The publicity about this version of chop suey even encouraged newspapers to publish instructions for Americans to prepare it at home themselves including instructions for properly drinking tea, cooking rice, and information about famous Chinese dishes like bird's nest soup.</span></div></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Odi_Yv3KwqQ/YHI_AoMP5JI/AAAAAAAA0NY/VPla302agO4oF9J0GnGmhH_mj4Il7si0ACLcBGAsYHQ/1896%2BChinese%2Brecipe.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2400" data-original-width="713" height="1723" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-Odi_Yv3KwqQ/YHI_AoMP5JI/AAAAAAAA0NY/VPla302agO4oF9J0GnGmhH_mj4Il7si0ACLcBGAsYHQ/w510-h1723/1896%2BChinese%2Brecipe.png" width="510" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">When he died in 1901, a San Francisco newspaper published a full-page tribute to him (only half is reproduced here for readability).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-74pWoCA0N0g/YHI-1Oh4HWI/AAAAAAAA0NU/Q6FbrEloldQmmeskMO6YOIhHSPVqOf3zwCLcBGAsYHQ/%2BLi%2Bhung%2Bchang%2Btop%2Bof%2Barticle%2Bsf%2Bcall.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1028" data-original-width="1490" height="380" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-74pWoCA0N0g/YHI-1Oh4HWI/AAAAAAAA0NU/Q6FbrEloldQmmeskMO6YOIhHSPVqOf3zwCLcBGAsYHQ/w550-h380/%2BLi%2Bhung%2Bchang%2Btop%2Bof%2Barticle%2Bsf%2Bcall.png" width="550" /></a></div><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-48318689052241490122021-02-15T16:54:00.053-08:002021-02-15T17:36:39.801-08:00"Chinaman," Popular Newspaper Header 1870s-1940s<p style="text-align: justify;"> <span> </span>Newspaper articles from about 1870 until the 1940s involving a Chinese typically used the term, <i>Chinaman, </i>rather than the person's name, occupation, or other descriptors. Here is a small sample of the more than 800 articles over this period from the <i>New York Times, </i>many of which were reprinted in newspapers around the country. Some were short one paragraph incidents while others were extensive articles. Common topics included robbery, assault, and murders involving a Chinaman at his laundry, as well as smuggling, gambling, and other illegal activities. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Other common topics were marriages to white women, fights, disputes, and crimes among the Chinese. Other articles were informational, derisive comments and descriptions of some curious customs and traditions of Chinamen.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw1-PnwoZYwkK834Hsketf7Ldy7EBNMI8F9oN3qGMUJMBVTTOIMqCxq8_cr_dQtQ_vFpgt2YhvN_i3wzn7EDQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><span style="text-align: justify;"> (<i>To enlarge the video to full screen, click</i></span><i><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-aaFH4DWJH-c/YCsgnylAaUI/AAAAAAAAz6A/sRmwUkWy5b00TFVP5sn55J-MPp1XYA2UwCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="37" data-original-width="49" height="20" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-aaFH4DWJH-c/YCsgnylAaUI/AAAAAAAAz6A/sRmwUkWy5b00TFVP5sn55J-MPp1XYA2UwCLcBGAsYHQ/w26-h20/image.png" width="26" /></a><span style="text-align: justify;"> at bottom right)</span></i><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-79252528837474776232021-02-06T21:01:00.002-08:002021-02-06T21:01:53.237-08:00Tank Kee (aka George Bailey), China "Expert" Lecture Tour of U.S. 1870s-1890s<p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> George Bailey1 claimed to have been orphaned and found off the coast of China and raised by the royal family. Bailey’s obituary by his friend, William Payne, in the Evening Times-Republican in 1902 in Marshalltown, Iowa, explaining that Bailey’s family moved to China for business when George was a child. The young couple died of cholera, and Bailey was taken in by a wealthy Chinese family and nicknamed “Tank Kee,” a seemingly Chinese name related to the characters for blue-green and remembrance or record. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="409" height="327" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-eh1Z1H0qDFI/YB8_XCwp2DI/AAAAAAAAz1c/iold_KQqJ7o7CJN42spqdJe9dNm14Sz1QCLcBGAsYHQ/w277-h327/image.png" width="277" /><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">By the early 1870s, George Bailey had started a traveling lecture career in the United States </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">using the name, Tank Kee,</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">as if he were part of the Chinese diaspora. For over twenty years, he would travel across western, midwestern, and southern states speaking to audiences about China. </span><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02); font-size: 14px;">Bailey’s performances as Tank Kee was different from that of other white performers at the time who claimed to showcase Asian culture. Unlike these other popular performers, Bailey did not perform in yellowface or pander to white audiences by trafficking in cheap stereotypes. Instead, he used his lectures to push back against rising anti-Chinese racism across the United States, believing that anti-immigrant sentiments stemmed from ignorance. His lectures aimed to educate his audiences on Chinese history and culture in order to change their minds about Chinese immigration, a political message Bailey made explicit both in his public lectures and frequent newspaper articles defending Chinese people against attacks on their morality and character. </span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="404" height="611" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-hYq5Ptm0qaE/YB8_l5fTaRI/AAAAAAAAz1g/QeyY807LoYMI98EYcCaevM5q6_C6MNvSACLcBGAsYHQ/w510-h611/image.png" width="510" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Tank Kee lectured about China in a tour throughout the United States that featured many “curiosities”—including dresses, statues, coins, and books. He brought these goods to the South and Midwest, including Atlanta, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul. As a part of his lectures, Bailey wore these elaborate Chinese costumes to “illustrate” different roles; sometimes he would use objects, including fans, embroidery, statues, and ivory carvings, as a visual reference. Later, he would design more formal exhibits as curator of the American Archaeological and Asiatic Society, which he created in Wichita, Kansas.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"> Under the byline Tank Kee, Bailey wrote many opinion pieces strongly criticizing America’s growing anti-Chinese sentiment, which put him in direct opposition with Dennis Kearney, the champion of "The Chinese Must Go" campaigns. During his tour of the Southeast, he wrote what came to be known as the “Mississippi Letters,” which shared his critical thoughts on race and culture in the Jim Crow South that made him many enemies in the South.</span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-small;"> Eventually, as visitors to see his collections declined by1890, Bailey sought a permanent home for his extensive Chinese collections. In 1891 he offered to donate everything to the University of Texas if the following terms were met: the university would build a suitable building to preserve the books; the professors would be its trustees; Bailey’s mark would be stamped on all the books; the objects would be repaired; the library would be preserved intact; and, lastly, the building would be named the Tank Kee Library. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> The Dallas Morning News estimated that the 33,000 volumes were valued at around $120,000 to $150,000, a massive sum for the time, and the university wanted the collection. A month later, none of the books had been delivered, however. A reporter asked Bailey why he was delaying, and Bailey said that the University of Texas would not build a fireproof building and wanted only to add his books to the general library, a proposition he would not accept. But there was never any agreement about the building, and the deal collapsed. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Bailey contacted the renowned Newberry Library in Chicago. which was actively seeking to expand its holdings. Instead of trying to donate the entire collection and negotiating payments for transportation and other costs, Bailey offered to sell many of the English books on China, the Chinese encyclopedia, seventeenth-century Jesuit texts, Chinese paintings, and military maps. He told the Newberry that he had acquired most of his books during his thirty years living in China. The Chicago Sunday Tribune reported that the most treasured “curiosity” was the 239-volume “imperial encyclopedia, used only by the mandarins, and held by them under the government, to which in the end it must be returned, and but one other copy exists outside the empire.” While his entire collection was valued at more than $100,000, he sold these volumes for $12,000 to the Newberry, more than recovering the costs incurred from his Masonic misadventure. He continued to travel throughout the Midwest and Southeast and lecture about China until his death in 1902.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14px;">1 Not to be confused with the George Bailey character made famous by James Stewart in the movie, "It's A Wonderful Life."</div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sources:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/tank-kees-library</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://contingentmagazine.org/2019/10/28/tank-kee/</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-19810066007930129412021-02-03T20:17:00.001-08:002021-02-03T20:26:27.406-08:00Mississippi Triangle: Relation of black, white and Chinese in the Delta<div class="separator"><span style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> </span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Almost all discussions about problems in race relations historically have focused on a binary,</span><i style="text-align: justify;"> black versus white</i><span style="text-align: justify;">, and give little or no attention to other groups. In the Mississippi Delta, such a focus misses the unique situation which has existed there for over a century. The Chinese, although small in number, played a significant role as a group situated physically and socially between the larger black and white communities. </span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>There is no lack of information about the dominant relationship that whites held in the Delta with respect to blacks. Much less is known about how blacks and whites regard and treat the Chinese? And how did the Chinese view and react to the black and the white communities?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> Whites had the most power and dominated the blacks in the Delta as throughout the racially segregated South. The Chinese had less status than the whites but more than the blacks. They were in an in-between status, higher than blacks, but not as high as whites. The Chinese made their living for decades almost entirely operating small grocery stores in black neighborhoods of small rural towns in the Delta. They provided invaluable services to blacks, even extending goods to them on credit until payday, which was not possible in white grocery stores that were less welcoming to black customers. So, while the Chinese benefited financially from serving blacks, they wanted to have the social privileges of whites, not the least of which was access for their children </span>to white schools which were better financed than schools for blacks. Some Chinese children attended mission schools provided by the Baptist church in Cleveland, MS. even though some had to board at the school because it was not within commuting distance. The Chinese could not attend white schools until a few years after WWII, with one of the main reasons being white fears that some Chinese children were not "pure" Chinese but may have had a black mother.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Blacks benefited from the better treatment from Chinese grocers than from white stores, but some blacks felt some Chinese overpriced merchandise. Chinese also had cause for tensions with some blacks, and over the years there were many assaults, robberies, thefts, and even homicides committed by blacks against Chinese. Although most black customers were innocent of such offenses, the Chinese had to be vigilant and wary of the dangers they faced from some black residents. Newspaper clippings of some of the many attacks on the Chinese over the decades document the dangers they faced constantly.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QkNAmu2GV58/YBtsHi1C9HI/AAAAAAAAz00/SXB6myGlsiQg-vJKHiQdLWHKYDcVIUW0gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1228/delta%2BantiChin.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="1228" height="368" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QkNAmu2GV58/YBtsHi1C9HI/AAAAAAAAz00/SXB6myGlsiQg-vJKHiQdLWHKYDcVIUW0gCLcBGAsYHQ/w497-h368/delta%2BantiChin.jpg" width="497" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cU2q0Q5xqqM/YBtrrvIxvFI/AAAAAAAAz0o/7CrrbOuPS5sDwtqBJvPhUlHmuQYEJLZIwCLcBGAsYHQ/s999/delta%2Bgrocers%2Battacked%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="999" height="473" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cU2q0Q5xqqM/YBtrrvIxvFI/AAAAAAAAz0o/7CrrbOuPS5sDwtqBJvPhUlHmuQYEJLZIwCLcBGAsYHQ/w494-h473/delta%2Bgrocers%2Battacked%2B2.jpg" width="494" /></a></div><p style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wwav1PmDH3w/YBtrruHB5tI/AAAAAAAAz0k/iaLmMiYCj1IW9RI2bF4qG41muZ3veT_6gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1082/delta%2Bgrocer%2Battacks%2B3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="1082" height="335" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wwav1PmDH3w/YBtrruHB5tI/AAAAAAAAz0k/iaLmMiYCj1IW9RI2bF4qG41muZ3veT_6gCLcBGAsYHQ/w470-h335/delta%2Bgrocer%2Battacks%2B3.jpg" width="470" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Awareness and memories of these harmful actions by blacks on the Chinese is a sensitive topic that the Chinese do not like to discuss. They have been "sitting targets" for decades with incidents as far back as 1892. They have little control over the situation and prefer to brag about their success as grocers and the academic achievements of their children.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> One of the first attempt to film interviews and interactions with Chinese, whites, and blacks in the Delta, aptly named, <b>Mississippi Triangle</b>, was in 1982-3 by a trio of filmmakers led by Christine Choy, a Korean American from New York along with Worth Long, a black, and Allan Siegel, a Jew. Hoping to get more honest answers about racial attitudes, the filmmakers matched the race of the respondent with that of the interviewer. Although several Chinese were interviewed, one elderly woman, Arlee Hen, who was part Chinese and part black, clearly was interviewed more extensively and presented in short snippets throughout the film.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> The Chinese were very sensitive to any insinuation that they were racist and unhappy to have so much focus on an unrepresentative member of their community and felt the film sometimes depicted Chinese negatively. The rumor, which was not confirmed, was that after the filmmakers ended their interviews and departed, they secretly returned to continue their interview with Arlee Hen. The Chinese were quite upset with the film and felt they had been deceived about the purpose of the film. <i>Mississippi Triangle </i>examined the attitudes of each of the three communities toward each other but some Delta Chinese assumed the film would call attention to the many successes of the Delta Chinese. At a Clarksdale screening of the film and discussion with the filmmakers attended by about 200 Chinese, the reaction was negative because they felt the film gave a negative view of the Delta Chinese, one that might have been valid decades ago but did not reflect the present.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Here is a <a href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/mississippitriangle/451721360?autoplay=1">trailer for the film</a>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span><span> I learned about the film and its controversy </span></span>a decade or more ago but had never seen it until recently with I discovered it can be rented for online viewing on <a href="http://vimeo.com">vimeo.com</a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> I also unearthed <a href="https://soundcloud.com/saturdayschoolpodcast/season-7-ep-1-mississippi-triangle#t=8:45" target="_blank">a podcast on Soundcloud where two commentators discuss their reactions to Mississippi Triangl</a>e on a series that covers Asian American topics on <b>Saturday School. </b>The above link I provided skips the opening chit chat of 8:45 before they get down to business discussing the film<b>.</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>You will note the podcast audio screen below includes a photo of Arlee Hen.</b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1-bOSthjN-I/YBS5_m5rC4I/AAAAAAAAz0Q/GnjIMoERgY8cp5FGI46mZAlEBtLo4mIGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1532/miss%2Btriangle%2Barlee%2Bhen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="1532" height="154" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1-bOSthjN-I/YBS5_m5rC4I/AAAAAAAAz0Q/GnjIMoERgY8cp5FGI46mZAlEBtLo4mIGQCLcBGAsYHQ/w502-h154/miss%2Btriangle%2Barlee%2Bhen.png" width="502" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>The podcast raises some worthwhile points illustrated with audio clips from the film. Unfortunately, the two podcasters are a bit too jovial and "amused" in their discussion in my view, which detracts from their analysis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A difficult to locate but a more detailed discussion of the film and its reception by Renee Tajima and Adria Bernardi is in the July/August 1984 issue of <i>Southern Exposure</i>, pp 17-23, "The Chinese: 100 years in the South."</div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-44264265338189394122021-01-29T17:08:00.001-08:002021-01-29T17:08:37.967-08:00Rare 1930s Chinese American family home movies: A Story of Lost, Found, Restored, and Interpretation<p> </p><p><span> </span>Silas Fung, a Chinese American artist from a family with two other artists, Paul and Timothy, was a successful commercial artist in Chicago. He was fascinated by the 1933 Chicago World's Fair and collected artifacts from the exhibition. Fung’s “Miniature Fair House” was a subject of Ripley’s “Believe It or Not!” on September 6, 1937.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U6z5EwAFEyQ/YBSiYOb-71I/AAAAAAAAzzs/yxvXhtCkTFgxma98fseY9hagD5T6k0U-gCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1937_09_06%2BBelieve%2BIt%2Bor%2BNot%2521%2BEl%2BPaso%2BHerald-Post%2B%2528Texas%2529%2Bp11%2Bc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="445" height="388" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U6z5EwAFEyQ/YBSiYOb-71I/AAAAAAAAzzs/yxvXhtCkTFgxma98fseY9hagD5T6k0U-gCLcBGAsYHQ/w269-h388/1937_09_06%2BBelieve%2BIt%2Bor%2BNot%2521%2BEl%2BPaso%2BHerald-Post%2B%2528Texas%2529%2Bp11%2Bc1.jpg" width="269" /></a></div><br />His wife, <a href="https://chimericaneyes.blogspot.com/2020/09/mrs-silas-fung.html" style="background-color: #fcf9ee; color: red; font-family: "Sorts Mill Goudy"; font-size: 15.4px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Edythe Julius Shum</a>, proved to a highly successful Sun Life Assurance of Canada sales agent who traveled all over Canada and much of the U.S. to sell life insurance to Chinese immigrants. (We were the only Chinese in Macon, Georgia during the 1930s-1950s and had Sun Life insurance and while I do not know if she sold it to my father, it would not surprise me if she was the one who sold it to him).<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HQGKsRmR1Ik/YBSkgr22JaI/AAAAAAAAzz4/wd_UfngEZ7ktt-cG2ncFMa6etJMuzfYMACLcBGAsYHQ/s410/1930_03_18%2BMrs%2BSilas%2BFung%2BSan%2BMin%2BMorning%2BPaper%2B%2528Chicago%2BIL%2529%2B01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="410" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HQGKsRmR1Ik/YBSkgr22JaI/AAAAAAAAzz4/wd_UfngEZ7ktt-cG2ncFMa6etJMuzfYMACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/1930_03_18%2BMrs%2BSilas%2BFung%2BSan%2BMin%2BMorning%2BPaper%2B%2528Chicago%2BIL%2529%2B01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>In the 1930s home movie cameras were becoming increasingly affordable and Silas made many 16 mm. home movies of his family in often candid scenes in and out of their home. Eventually, the movie collection went missing for decades until one day they suddenly were listed for sale on eBay!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span> </span>An Indian-Canadian filmmaker, Ali Kazimi, was excited to learn of the availability although he did not know who made the home movies. He wanted non-portrait images of Asian Americans, but few, if any, home movies of Asian Americans probably existed. He had to bid for the films in an online auction and paid about $2,000 for the collection, sight unseen. It appears that he had been bidding against Fung's descendants for the films. In any event, the films were in terrible condition and appeared to be unsalvagable but he decided to run the risk of restoring the films at great expense, which would risk being destroyed or incinerated in the attempt. For film historians, this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOMcozfFN9o&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank">link goes to his interview about the entire ordeal of restoration.</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">Ali Kazari's restored home movies combined with his interpretive commentary and help from Fung's daughter, Irena Lum, in providing descriptions of the photographed activities, locations, dates, and identification of the family members created his documentary, <i>Random Acts of Legacy, </i>an award-winning best documentary at CAAMFEST, 2017. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1IXgQ8c94Y&feature=emb_title" target="_blank">This link is to the trailer for the film</a>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><i>"Intertwining a first-person narrative as an outside witness with family accounts and other commentators, Kazimi weaves a rich tapestry of the life of an unusually wealthy family of colour from the Depression era. The retrieved footage offers an intimate and radically different visual perspective on the Chinese American community in Chicago – with a surprising feminist twist. Visually rich and textured, unafraid to show the decaying patina of a family archive, Random Acts of Legacy revels in the making of home movies and memory.</i></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Fira Sans", sans-serif; text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://worldchannel.org/episode/arf-random-acts-legacy/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="863" data-original-width="1110" height="390" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LnJbllOSIw4/YBSt_n0SyvI/AAAAAAAAz0E/358-TwjHayswQhy2dv3dy24uCVFNYMTsACLcBGAsYHQ/w501-h390/Screen%2BShot%2B4.png" width="501" /></a></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">https://worldchannel.org/episode/arf-random-acts-legacy/</div><p><i>"Extraordinary for its unvarnished representation of family life, at home, church, and play, Fung’s moving pictures offer a surprising counter-narrative to stereotypes of Chinese Americans in his day. His films captured birthday celebrations with cake and candles, gatherings and picnics in the park, as well as family fishing and boating outings. Silas Fung's images celebrate the everyday life of his first-generation, upwardly-mobile, Chinese American family; a portrait of lives otherwise omitted from moving-image history." America Reframed</i></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-22869893519582131172021-01-20T21:45:00.003-08:002021-01-20T21:45:38.818-08:00Underground Chinese Tunnels: Facts, Fantasies, and Finances<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Underground Chinese Tunnels, Pendleton, Oregon </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Pendleton, Oregon, a small town located in a remote area about 200 miles east of Portland, attracts many visitors to take tours of underground “tunnels” in the part of town where Chinese immigrants lived in the late 1890s and early 20th century. The 1910 U.S. Census listed 83 Chinese, almost all men who were laborers, a few cooks and domestics, and several laundrymen. During that period anti-Chinese feelings were strong and the Chinese were often victims of assault, robbery, and even homicide. It was especially dangerous for the Chinese to be in public spaces after sundown. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Did these conditions prompt the Chinese to dig underground tunnels to enable safe after-dark movement from one Chinese-owned business to another, especially for illegal activities like gambling and for businesses such as opium dens and brothels. Tunnels were thought to have concealed entrances through which escape was possible in the event of a police raid. The tunnels were a Chinese community secret until the city began to repair potholes on sidewalks in front of Chinese stores in the 1980s, long after the Chinese occupied these buildings.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> For many years popular commercial tours of these tunnels have existed that are promoted as having an “actual historian” as a guide. They are a lucrative source of tourist spending in Pendleton. The photos below do not represent the original condition of the underground tunnels but involve some "prettying-up" by the tour company. Although many other towns in western states are thought to have also had underground tunnels, the physical evidence is weak and none of them have reconstructed an actual underground space as Pendleton has.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZKQH9UvI2Pw/YAe5jwphlgI/AAAAAAAAzv8/DQfKgIWmOC0qKlhJpDol8U2W_rYSMPIZwCLcBGAsYHQ/Screen%2BShot.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="872" data-original-width="1797" height="275" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ZKQH9UvI2Pw/YAe5jwphlgI/AAAAAAAAzv8/DQfKgIWmOC0qKlhJpDol8U2W_rYSMPIZwCLcBGAsYHQ/w567-h275/Screen%2BShot.png" width="567" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>https://offbeatoregon.com/H1001e_Pendleton.html</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Is There Evidence That Underground Spaces Were Part Of A Tunnel?</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ideas that early Chinese dug tunnels to provide hidden living and working spaces fascinate the general public and are in keeping with the widespread view that the "heathen Chinee" were mysterious or inscrutable. Despite the attraction of underground Chinese tunnels to tourists, Priscilla Wegars, an authority on the archeological study of Chinese communities in the northwest, indicated that she has never found any documentation or substantiation for these rumored "Chinese tunnels." In cities where the Chinese owned buildings, they utilized the basements for storage, as living quarters, or as opium dens. There were interconnecting hallways between adjacent buildings, but these spaces were not part of a larger system that would warrant them being called "tunnels."<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There were indeed passageways under the sidewalk for buildings with stores that were once used for delivery access, or to admit light into the basements. The architectural term for these passageways is "sidewalk vaults,” and they can be found in the sidewalks of many towns throughout the West. The passageways underneath them are simply access channels and have no connection with early Chinese residents. The same can be said for the so-called "Chinese tunnels" rumored to exist in Boise and Pocatello, Idaho; Baker City, Oregon; Seattle and Tacoma, Washington; Victoria, BC, and many other places.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">These basements were not dug by the Chinese occupants but were created when the building was constructed. The fact or idea that the Chinese used these spaces does not prove the Chinese dug the interconnecting passages between adjacent buildings to create "tunnels." If the Chinese dug tunnels, what did they do with all the earth they had to dig through? How could it be disposed of without anyone noticing. Moreover, with such a small Chinese population of 83 mostly older men at its peak in 1910, it doesn't seem possible they could have constructed any underground tunnel.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>https://webpages.uidaho.edu/AACC/research.htm#tunnels</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Underground Tunnels in Fresno Chinatown? </b></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-sM4c1bDHc38/YAe63Qk8IdI/AAAAAAAAzwI/nJ9CIgJSM3EBvwLqosgbzEzDQrX2CkRqgCLcBGAsYHQ/Screen%2BShot%2B1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="1094" height="214" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-sM4c1bDHc38/YAe63Qk8IdI/AAAAAAAAzwI/nJ9CIgJSM3EBvwLqosgbzEzDQrX2CkRqgCLcBGAsYHQ/w476-h214/Screen%2BShot%2B1.png" width="476" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1mrGZU5Hpk</i> <i>A local Fresno tv news story about the “underground Chinese tunnels” complete with 'spooky' background music.” </i></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The historic Chinatown in Fresno was approximately six blocks just west of the railroad tracks. In 2007, most of the buildings were gone but Sanborn fire insurance maps from the 1880s show it was once a densely populated area, home to the Chinese laborers who laid Fresno’s foundations, and to successive layers of immigrants from other ethnic groups The area had family-run stores, temples, churches, Chinese and Japanese schools, but also provided hidden spaces under street level for illicit activities of gambling, prostitution, and drinking during Prohibition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Many business establishments had basements, some of them interconnected. Of those that can still be seen today, some end in bricked-off walls that longtime residents say hide tunnel entrances. Archaeologists believe the tunnels may have been built to provide cool underground storage in a region known for the sweltering summer heat. Although the archaeological study was just beginning in 2007, there appears to be some evidence of underground “linear structures” that could have been tunnels or simply large drainage pipes. Locals believe if Chinatown and its excavated tunnels can be developed for heritage tourism, it could bring some income to an impoverished area.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>https://www.mercurynews.com/2007/09/27/secret-tunnels-underneath-fresnos-chinatown-probed-by-archeologists/</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Bakersfield Chinese Underground</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9JkoeDg6GRs/YAfNLit8YvI/AAAAAAAAzw8/BOCXw3xY9a0mPfvjVB2Y3u5OUaYkeuH_ACLcBGAsYHQ/s935/Screen%2BShot%2B1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="935" height="276" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9JkoeDg6GRs/YAfNLit8YvI/AAAAAAAAzw8/BOCXw3xY9a0mPfvjVB2Y3u5OUaYkeuH_ACLcBGAsYHQ/w368-h276/Screen%2BShot%2B1.png" width="368" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> Despite many stories about underground tunnels in Bakersfield, California, many Chinese immigrants remain skeptical. Most of the so-called tunnels, some argue, were simply extended basements that were sometimes connected to neighboring basements. In the days before air conditioning, underground rooms provided much-needed relief from the valley’s notorious summer heat, and also provided storage space for businesses.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> In the view of one Chinese resident, “We didn’t go into any tunnels; it was just a basement not connected to any other basements or passageways. It was simply a back door. There were no tunnels. Just cellars,” </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><i>https://www.bakersfield.com/news/the-legend-of-bakersfields-downtown-tunnels-truth-or-fiction/article_1e0428e9-68f7-5c1b-b27b-e0b914f61943.html</i></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Napa, CA. Chinese Underground</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-PQH14Vy6s58/YAkQaYV3GYI/AAAAAAAAzxM/k5u_1XfRS7IEDriMZ-IWOA_f84LOJl2PACLcBGAsYHQ/Screen%2BShot.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="667" height="263" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-PQH14Vy6s58/YAkQaYV3GYI/AAAAAAAAzxM/k5u_1XfRS7IEDriMZ-IWOA_f84LOJl2PACLcBGAsYHQ/w397-h263/Screen%2BShot.png" width="397" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-PQH14Vy6s58/YAkQaYV3GYI/AAAAAAAAzxM/k5u_1XfRS7IEDriMZ-IWOA_f84LOJl2PACLcBGAsYHQ/Screen%2BShot.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rQMMaGK5Oxs/YAkReD9nSJI/AAAAAAAAzxU/RN9hl3ruwBIIw9ojM9Ouz8u7MZmrdp0aQCLcBGAsYHQ/Screen%2BShot%2B1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="675" height="268" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-rQMMaGK5Oxs/YAkReD9nSJI/AAAAAAAAzxU/RN9hl3ruwBIIw9ojM9Ouz8u7MZmrdp0aQCLcBGAsYHQ/w403-h268/Screen%2BShot%2B1.png" width="403" /></a></div><br /></div><br />The evidence in support of underground tunnels is no more compelling in Napa, California, than in other cities with similar stories, leaving one to wonder if they exist mainly in the fantasies many people hold about the Chinese, and the hope by towns that tours of these tunnels would bring financial income to cash strapped towns.<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Napa television station video looked at the possibility that tunnels once existed under the stores in Chinatown. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>https://tinyurl.com/y2dkex6d</i></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-15061798719705143912021-01-02T22:03:00.008-08:002021-05-25T21:14:06.853-07:00Missionaries in China: Help versus Harm<div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Until well into the twentieth century few Americans living beyond the western and northeastern United States ever met or interacted in person with Chinese immigrants. One reason was there were few Chinese in part <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="due to" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: because of, for" data-pwa-id="pwa-8716F82952445A87DBAA45CD05DD03B5" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_3_1768" data-pwa-suggestions="because of~for">due to</pwa> the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned the entry of Chinese laborers, a group <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="that had been previously welcomed by capitalists" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-AB1203C7BDF7A78FB7305ABDBBBA6D30" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="capitalists had previously welcomed that">that had been previously welcomed by capitalists</pwa> as a large supply of cheap labor. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="The majority of" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: Most" data-pwa-id="pwa-2D8A61DB9EFB2672F3BD118F23AA571D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2866" data-pwa-suggestions="Most">Moreover, the majority of</pwa> Chinese immigrants did not speak English well, if at all. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Despite Americans lacking much direct contact with the Chinese people, they <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="nonetheless " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-580EFB19EF89BCF1FE3E99240974B385" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_542" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">nonetheless </pwa>held strong impressions, often incorrect or demeaning about these “Celestials” as <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="they were often called" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-766721FF129EA8A1670013770D73559F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="they often called them were often~I often called them were often~we often called them were often~it often called them were often">they were often called</pwa> in the 19th century, that they formed from accounts of explorers, merchants, and missionaries. Another popular epithet, heathen, focused on the uncivilized aspects of Chinese, worship of idols, and their uncleanliness.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>The earliest views of Chinese held in the West, which was<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", generally" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3C385348FB8C502276B5FA37AD4834FB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_433" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"> </pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word="generally " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-6804C0E2E8F805ADBC5B507CE4570E97" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_433" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word=", generally" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-3C385348FB8C502276B5FA37AD4834FB" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_433" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">generally</pwa> </pwa>positive and respectful, came from anecdotal accounts provided by explorers such as Marco Polo and American merchants in the early19th century </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> ( Empress of China. (see Lee, Before Chinatown) </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Later in the mid-19th century, China was in turmoil and disarray after being defeated and humiliated in two costly Opium Wars with Great Britain <span style="text-align: left;">who had introduced opium from India to China to pay for its own 'addiction' to China's tea that caused a trade imbalance of silver payments. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span> </span>This uncertain situation provided a golden opportunity in China for Christian missionaries to engage in medical <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-43A17D340345678727B78F0A227D767F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and">as well as</pwa> evangelical missions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"> <span> </span>Many missionaries regarded Britain’s victories in the Opium Wars as a sign that God was readying China for </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the arrival of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-2FB73EBE1C8570A1788254241986E6CF" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_243" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)" style="text-align: left;">the arrival of </pwa><span style="text-align: left;">the Word. </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“ " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '“' may not require a space after it. Consider removing the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-C098D6B6E902A2CC217ED5EE01F0E046" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions="“" style="text-align: left;">“</pwa><span style="text-align: left;">Roberts added, </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-E0DB6085C68B77C6C48435BD20C97C76" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="" style="text-align: left;">“</pwa><span style="text-align: left;">we </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="are willing to" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: will" data-pwa-id="pwa-DF83BCC9A313A676CF3A531A7F346CB2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_992" data-pwa-suggestions="will" style="text-align: left;">are willing to</pwa><span style="text-align: left;"> see anything which has a tendency to accomplish these desirable ends”</span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="— " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Em-dashes should either have a space on either side, or no spaces." data-pwa-id="pwa-81DA119389589CB31B09201FC8F6B1A6" data-pwa-rule-id="EM_DASH_SPACING" data-pwa-suggestions=" — ~—" style="text-align: left;">— </pwa><span style="text-align: left;">the opening of China to Christ. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> . (See Minden) </div>
<br /><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u>Chinese Anti-missionary Sentiment <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="due to" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: because of, for" data-pwa-id="pwa-2297783608C1D89143338D12EFCE4C07" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_3_1768" data-pwa-suggestions="because of~for">due to</pwa> the Harm of Opium</u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Much of the Chinese opposition to Christian missionaries arose from the fact that opium was a harmful and illegal commodity, and that despite their vigorous advocacy of the rule of law, Westerners were the chief importers of the drug. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Indeed, the" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: The" data-pwa-id="pwa-AFED79F1548390D45978D263993C128A" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_191" data-pwa-suggestions="The">Indeed, the</pwa> connection drawn in the minds of many Chinese between the missionaries and the illegal activities of their countrymen was discrediting all missionary claims of benevolent intent and undermining their assertion that Christianity represented a superior foundation for moral behavior. Many missionaries <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="began to hold" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: held" data-pwa-id="pwa-BA96D69220E424BF2956D9297352AA5B" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_931" data-pwa-suggestions="held">began to hold</pwa> the view that the opium trade, or rather the stigma of lawlessness that <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was associated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7AB3ECA8455597226496DD4CD0F039CE" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">was associated</pwa> with it, was becoming a major obstacle to the spread of the gospel in China.</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>By the mid-1850s, the attitudes of American missionaries toward the opium question had undergone a fundamental transformation. Humanitarian concern for the impact of opium on the health and welfare of the Chinese people was<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="been supplanted" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-F57607DD53B089E68F6173EA16764D4E" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""> supplanted</pwa> by a greater concern over the impact of its illegality on the reputation of Westerners <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="in general, " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-643DE76D5BDD83251410D4E2655E7D0B" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_253" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">in general, </pwa>and thus on the winning of greater numbers of converts to Christianity. There was no greater proof of this change than the influential contribution made by American missionaries to the agreements associated with the Treaty of Tianjin negotiated in 1858. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="70" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Missing punctuation" data-pwa-id="pwa-561D54EA6AA9E77188DEF538B8BF06DD" data-pwa-rule-id="END_PUNC" data-pwa-suggestions="70." style="font-weight: bold;">70</pwa></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Thus, for the sake of easing their own consciences, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="and" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Missing capitalization at the start of a sentence" data-pwa-id="pwa-67DBE758BCED1A378D0B73959EAA10C9" data-pwa-rule-id="MISSING_CAP_START" data-pwa-suggestions="And">and</pwa>, perhaps, to more <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="effectively " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-A6FDBD66C4695B27D095ACB6831F88C9" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1820" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">effectively </pwa>spread the Gospel in China, missionaries helped to open the country more widely to the importation of opium. After the signing of the Treaties of Tianjin, the importation of the drug <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="increased dramatically" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Can you use a more specific verb?" data-pwa-id="pwa-C2487DAD975631AF753A9413517AEC68" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2343" data-pwa-suggestions="exploded~balloned">increased dramatically</pwa> and opium addiction became one of the most devastating scourges ever to afflict the Chinese people.</div></span><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>To save the heathen Chinese, it was first necessary to demonize them.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> see <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="john pomfret" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Incorrect named entity spelling: john pomfret" data-pwa-id="pwa-44730614550E43F344199F8E15227F07" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="John Pomfret">john pomfret</pwa></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="p1"><div style="text-align: justify;">The first Protestant missionary, Robert Morrison, arrived in 1807, but during <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: initial;">the first twenty-seven years in China, Protestant missionaries claimed only ten converts. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="p1"><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1830, E. C. Bridgman arrived in Canton with the evangelical zeal of the Second Great Awakening. He was one of the first Americans to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="acquire" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: gain" data-pwa-id="pwa-26506DC2D2E0AF2C3FCF63EB5E70D0DC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2007" data-pwa-suggestions="gain">acquire</pwa> a mastery of the Chinese language, earning wide recognition as the foremost American expert on Chinese society and politics.3 </div><span class="s1"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>From May 1836 to April 1837, Bridgman </b><u>and Williams? </u><b>printed seventeen articles on the history and present state of the opium trade in China, most of which illustrated the various ways that the drug was exerting an evil influence on the moral, commercial, and political life of the nation. </b></div></b></span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1">p 44</span></div>
<div class="p2" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1"></span><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<style type="text/css">
p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px 'Helvetica Neue'; -webkit-text-stroke: #000000}
p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px 'Helvetica Neue'; -webkit-text-stroke: #000000; min-height: 14.0px}
span.s1 {font-kerning: none}
</style>
</div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1">Peter Parker, the fourth American Protestant preacher in China, arrived in Guangzhou in 1834. A graduate of both Yale’s medical college and its divinity school, he was the first medical missionary in China. Parker and the other early Protestants shared some similarities with the Catholic Jesuits who had been coming to China since the sixteenth century. Through good works, they sought to convince the Chinese of the superiority of their faith. In his application to the American Board, Parker described dual goals: disseminating “the blessings of science and Christianity all over the globe.” </span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1"><br /></span></div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="s1"><span class="s1"><span> </span>Issachar </span>Roberts arrived in China in 1837 after mortgaging his Mississippi farm and<pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="started preaching" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: preached" data-pwa-id="pwa-5DAF73ACDDF5DC4F20A4D320E8053418" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_885" data-pwa-suggestions="preached"> preaching</pwa> in Macao. While the first group of Western missionaries studied Chinese and hobnobbed with the upper classes, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Roberts was drawn" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-233D94DE4954153E8FB77920279A70C8" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I drew Roberts~they drew Roberts~it drew Roberts~we drew Roberts">Roberts was drawn</pwa> to the masses. Roberts moved to Hong Kong and then in May 1844 to Guangzhou </span></div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="s1"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1"><span> </span> Peter Parker and Issachar Roberts disagreed about how to change China. Parker and others sent out by the American Board believed that long years of study, an additional specialization, and a healthy respect for the culture were the keys to China’s kingdom. They were scholars, not bomb-throwers. They wanted, in Parker’s words, to “heal” China, to help it become stronger.</span></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1"><b> James Hudson Taylor</b> (</span><span class="s1">1832-1905) was a British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"><span class="s2">Protestant Christian</span></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"><span class="s2">missionary</span></a> who spent 51 years in China and founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMF_International"><span class="s2">China Inland Mission</span></a> (CIM, now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMF_International"><span class="s2">OMF International</span></a>) which <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was responsible for bringing" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: brought" data-pwa-id="pwa-6643785B756AE0BBC9B938270367AF1B" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1433" data-pwa-suggestions="brought">was responsible for bringing</pwa> over 800 missionaries to China who established 125 schools<span> </span></span><span class="s1">and directly resulted in 18,000 Christian conversions, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-51925A88F7458AEF0AFFBC29436EE8D3" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and">as well as</pwa> the establishment of <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="more than" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: over" data-pwa-id="pwa-61839A3584739DA778389F62495ED4CC" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1067" data-pwa-suggestions="over">more than</pwa> 300 stations of work with <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="more than" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: over" data-pwa-id="pwa-AD95643B87C8DEA2E848E1156B94207E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1067" data-pwa-suggestions="over">more than</pwa> 500 local helpers in all eighteen provinces.</span></div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="s1"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Taylor was known" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E9D2ADF201C14C9CF7F347D97AEFF8B5" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I knew Taylor"><span> </span>Taylor was known</pwa> for his sensitivity to <span class="s2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture">Chinese culture</a>, even wearing Chinese clothing, </span>and for his zeal for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"><span class="s2">evangelism</span></a>. Under his leadership, the CIM was non-denominational in practice and accepted members from all Protestant groups, including individuals from the working class, and single women <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as well as" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: and" data-pwa-id="pwa-CE20649E18DBE01E31761FBEC8DE3827" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_117" data-pwa-suggestions="and">as well as</pwa> multinational recruits. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Taylor has been referred" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7BB9CCEDCCEB8002CA91FC64ADFB1F5F" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I have referred Taylor~We have referred Taylor">Taylor has been referred</pwa> to as one of the most significant Europeans to visit China in the 19th Century.</span></div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="s1"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="it can hardly be disputed" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6C42FC24EE4DB846F1E9F6ECE12B3275" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="we can hardly dispute it can hardly"><span> While </span>it can hardly be disputed</pwa> that the medical mission was of great benefit for the Chinese, the evangelical mission was a much less successful endeavor, with few converts. </span><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="evangelical" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Missing capitalization at the start of a sentence" data-pwa-id="pwa-BFA9916DC76C2FE209CEF2310D2E543D" data-pwa-rule-id="MISSING_CAP_START" data-pwa-suggestions="Evangelical">Evangelical</pwa> efforts became an increasingly frustrating and fruitless effort given the unsavory connection drawn by the Chinese between Western opium smugglers and Christian missionaries. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="missionaries" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Missing capitalization at the start of a sentence" data-pwa-id="pwa-6BE08B0B1770AFA434C55E5C75372F50" data-pwa-rule-id="MISSING_CAP_START" data-pwa-suggestions="Missionaries"> Missionaries</pwa> were accused of hypocrisy by the Chinese to whom they preached their message of Christian salvation and benevolence.</div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Most missionaries were white men, and although many came with a white wife and children, their effectiveness with Chinese women was limited. By the late 1890s, Baptist churches approved of sending white women missionaries to China.</div><div class="p1" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>The resistance and hostility among Chinese, described as 'yellow demons,' toward Christian missionaries attempting to convert them to Christian religious beliefs and practices <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="is illustrated" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-4A36F39A2B979708924314D6D95A35B9" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">is illustrated</pwa> in an article published in 1900 in the <i>New Orleans Times-Picayune </i>which<i> </i>reported that Chinese made crudely drawn but pointed cartoon images that dramatically conveyed their negative feelings toward missionaries. The illustration below shows the hostility and resistance toward western missionaries and their attempt to convert them to Christianity.</div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HhEauFDSe8Y/V0yiqnOu0jI/AAAAAAAASEw/eH-jLtjEMvw0Xmu-RPzVmBTC3suKeDhpACLcB/s1600/Screenshot%2B2016-05-30%2B13.25.38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HhEauFDSe8Y/V0yiqnOu0jI/AAAAAAAASEw/eH-jLtjEMvw0Xmu-RPzVmBTC3suKeDhpACLcB/s400/Screenshot%2B2016-05-30%2B13.25.38.png" width="301" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>The <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="missionary," data-pwa-heavy="true" data-pwa-hint="Possible unnecessary comma" data-pwa-id="pwa-EA0C85F06D10A1E41C2BFF171B547B43" data-pwa-rule-id="UNNECESSARY_COMMA_PWCE" data-pwa-suggestions="missionary">missionary,</pwa> represented on the left by a <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="hog tied" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="These words are usually hyphenated: hog-tied" data-pwa-id="pwa-5036CF6F9100919E6DC179E7AA70A599" data-pwa-rule-id="HYPHENATED" data-pwa-suggestions="hog-tied">hog tied</pwa> to a cross, is being skewered with arrows shot by little Chinese demons at the command of a mandarin. The legend on the cartoon reads, "Ask the beast if he is still thinking of coming (to China)."</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0441ew0N8f0/V0yirIqVMvI/AAAAAAAASE0/h13JefR5rzQ35qHP_imPVm3nRuK0NSeXgCLcB/s1600/Screenshot%2B2016-05-30%2B13.23.05.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="429" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0441ew0N8f0/V0yirIqVMvI/AAAAAAAASE0/h13JefR5rzQ35qHP_imPVm3nRuK0NSeXgCLcB/w512-h429/Screenshot%2B2016-05-30%2B13.23.05.png" width="512" /></a></div>
<b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>heading?</b></div></b></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Missionaries may have had biases in their reports in seeking continued financial support. They had to convince their churches of a need for the Chinese to <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="be saved" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7CFEEE50D124570FCA9B3F9B80F736DE" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">be saved</pwa> <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="i.e" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="You may have written this incorrectly" data-pwa-id="pwa-4CD67DF51D2E34D0BAAAD4509544FFE6" data-pwa-rule-id="HYPHEN_FOREIGN" data-pwa-suggestions="i.e.">i.e</pwa>, poverty, drug abuse, crime, child abuse. The worse the picture that missionaries presented about the Chinese, the more likely they were to receive financial backing from their churches. Moreover, they had to show progress or success in the conversion of the Chinese to Christianity. </div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Moreover, they" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: They" data-pwa-id="pwa-89F64860C3412671456DA59924AEC7CA" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_814" data-pwa-suggestions="They"><span> </span>Furthermore, they</pwa> did not deal with a cross-section of the Chinese population. Missionaries dealt with the Chinese who were receptive to evangelical outreach and/or in need of medical care and treatment. In contrast, they had little contact with more affluent segments of the population so their reports to the American public painted an inaccurate picture of the Chinese overall.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="795" height="330" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qJGeFsoMVy8/WrnNa-gvW1I/AAAAAAAAX4U/7oy239IgMNES9QvgKLCcI5fVYAeptGgiACLcBGAs/w512-h330/missionary%2Bconfession.png" width="512" /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="(" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-8B1AE22AF872F7C9A5B04A679D100683" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=""><div style="text-align: justify;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="(" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Make sure that all of the quotations and brackets in this paragraph are closed." data-pwa-id="pwa-8B1AE22AF872F7C9A5B04A679D100683" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">(</pwa>Similarly, see C.K. Marshall admission blog post in Blue Gray civil war site)</div></pwa></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> see MGM Cartoons: </div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Pearl Buck views</b></div><div><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Currently, more" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: More" data-pwa-id="pwa-9C0F2A424480830FD179ECB2E9B3E0E6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_480" data-pwa-suggestions="More"><div style="text-align: justify;"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Currently, more" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: More" data-pwa-id="pwa-9C0F2A424480830FD179ECB2E9B3E0E6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_480" data-pwa-suggestions="More"><span> </span>Currently</pwa><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Currently, more" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: More" data-pwa-id="pwa-9C0F2A424480830FD179ECB2E9B3E0E6" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_480" data-pwa-suggestions="More">, more</pwa> than a century later, despite the formidable resistance to Christianity for decades, millions of Chinese in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and North America identify or affiliate with Christianity.</div></pwa></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>How Americans <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Acquired" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: gained" data-pwa-id="pwa-B0339B5D1948912DECA5A193CC5EF91D" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2007" data-pwa-suggestions="gained">Acquired</pwa> Their "knowledge" about Chinese</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>The accounts of the Chinese that Christian missionaries sent back to America were one of the primary sources of information about the Chinese for the American public and highly influential on how Americans perceived the Chinese. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> As <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="spelling" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Lazrich" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Unknown word: Lazrich" data-pwa-id="pwa-3756431709A1CA0016EBE61854F484BC" data-pwa-rule-id="SIMPLE_SPELLING" data-pwa-suggestions="Lazich~Laurich~Ulrich~Aldrich~Zurich">Lazrich</pwa> (2006) observed: “Christian missionaries, deeply motivated by the zeal of their convictions and the imperative force of their religious ideology, served as the vanguard of Western cultural penetration wherever they ventured to establish themselves. And while their methods and goals were not always in harmony with those of their profit-seeking countrymen, missionaries would come to serve a predominant role in shaping the earliest formal diplomatic relations between the Western powers and the traditional societies and governments of the non-Western world.”</div></div><div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Missionaries had great influence in shaping the first U.S. treaties with the Chinese since their mastery of the Chinese language and experience in dealing with Qing officials were indispensable to the diplomats representing the United States.</div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18px;"><div>Missionaries in China attracted some Chinese to study in the U.S, and some became Christians who wanted to return to China as missionaries, Being fluent in Chinese, and being Chinese, in many ways they could establish better rapport with the Chinese which facilitated their conversion rates.</div><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Missionary Work with Chinese in the U.S.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Historian Derek Chang analyzed how the Baptist Home Mission approached conversion attempts among the growing number of immigrant Chinese around 1869, an increase due largely to the 10 to 20,000 Chinese brought from China to work on building the Central Pacific portion of the Transcontinental Railroad. Using Portland for his analysis, Chang noted that although evangelical Christians made extensive efforts to convert the Chinese, they depicted the Chinese in a negative light, as heathens who worshipped false gods, engaged in opium smoking, and brought Chinese women over as virtual slaves who were forced into prostitution. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Chang also noted the simultaneous goal of Baptist missionaries toward converting black Americans in Raleigh, North Carolina. Although both the Chinese and blacks were viewed in a negative light and hence in need of conversion to Christianity, there was an important difference between the two populations. Most of the Chinese were unacquainted with Christianity and also found it acceptable to hold more than one belief system such as Buddhism and Taoism. In contrast, even before slavery was abolished, blacks already were practicing their own version of Christianity. Chang pointed out that white missionaries wanted to retain power in the churches involving Chinese and blacks, but found that these groups wanted autonomy and self-control.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> Missionaries were much more successful in converting Chinese immigrants living in the U.S. than those in China. One attraction was the opportunity for the Chinese to learn English from missionaries and Sunday School teachers. Being in the U.S., the Chinese wanted to acquire better acceptance from the American public, and becoming Christians was a major means at a time when Chinese were generally disparaged and regarded as "heathens" who would never assimilate to American values.</span><br /></div><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kJO5jyXkBmI/X9_t99EOlDI/AAAAAAAAznk/vJ6ZjMT8hOc1I05b0ZodacdXpjX8qnWnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s513/chin%2Bbirm%2Bheader.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="513" height="170" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kJO5jyXkBmI/X9_t99EOlDI/AAAAAAAAznk/vJ6ZjMT8hOc1I05b0ZodacdXpjX8qnWnQCLcBGAsYHQ/w535-h170/chin%2Bbirm%2Bheader.png" width="535" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> A 1903 newspaper account of the Chinese in Birmingham, Alabama, showed that despite the harsh and discriminatory treatment of Chinese across the country in 1903 that began much earlier and continued for many subsequent decades, there were efforts by Christian churches in the highly segregated Deep South, to convert these "heathens" to Christianity through Sunday School classes.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TCZXxZlm0Rw/X9_tpJvNh0I/AAAAAAAAznM/Z-Z2Xf7uD6sAQw7MNwGZh4az_Po6qplngCLcBGAsYHQ/s279/1903%2B15%2Bstudents%2Bbirm%2Bs%252Cs.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="255" height="448" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TCZXxZlm0Rw/X9_tpJvNh0I/AAAAAAAAznM/Z-Z2Xf7uD6sAQw7MNwGZh4az_Po6qplngCLcBGAsYHQ/w409-h448/1903%2B15%2Bstudents%2Bbirm%2Bs%252Cs.png" width="409" /></a></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> The Second Presbyterian Church provided 15 teachers for 15 Chinese students of unspecified ages. It was felt that the 1:1 ratio would expedite their acquisition of English. It is questionable if there were as many as 15 Chinese children in Birmingham at all! The 1900 census showed only 5 Chinese, all adult males, and the 1910 census showed only 10 Chinese adult males. No women or children were listed in either census. This discrepancy probably is due to poor enumeration that failed to record any Chinese children, or women, if there were any.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> The pastor cited the importance of this outreach "<i>because the Chinese are subject to many temptations peculiar to American cities." </i>He did not cite specific temptations but implied that Sunday School experiences would protect them. As an aside, he did not seem to recognize how effectively Chinese parents discipline their children to behave.</div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> A final argument by the pastor for the value of Sunday School experiences for Chinese children was that when they retire and return to China, they may play a role in the evangelical goal of spreading the Gospel in China. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YvU7iUJdfdA/X9_tuoDybEI/AAAAAAAAznY/PEGVm0AlQVcAO7HM-eobl83zujG3h2siACLcBGAsYHQ/s253/birm%2Bchin%2Bwill%2Bretire%2Bto%2Bpreasch%2Bgospel%2Bin%2Bchina.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="136" data-original-width="253" height="206" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YvU7iUJdfdA/X9_tuoDybEI/AAAAAAAAznY/PEGVm0AlQVcAO7HM-eobl83zujG3h2siACLcBGAsYHQ/w383-h206/birm%2Bchin%2Bwill%2Bretire%2Bto%2Bpreasch%2Bgospel%2Bin%2Bchina.png" width="383" /></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> The evangelical mission in Birmingham was by no means an isolated one, but one that could be found increasingly in towns, large and small, across the country by 1900.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><span><p class="p1" style="font-family: Cochin; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18px;"><br /></p></span></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-87204205326201107772020-12-21T12:04:00.003-08:002020-12-21T22:54:00.981-08:00Two Opposing Views About Chinese Exclusion<p> The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, which lasted until 1943, was passed to prevent cheap Chinese labor from depriving Americans of work. Additional justifications included racist xenophobic views that the Chinese were inferior, unassimilable, devious, unhygienic, and immoral, to name a few.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z4yU6Tf3jtE/X-D38VoBTPI/AAAAAAAAzo8/5niVDmve7FUiXrpEiribm-899aa-iLJjQCLcBGAsYHQ/s786/1880%2B%25E2%2580%259CNo%2Bmore%2BChinese%2Bcheap%2Blabor%252C%25E2%2580%259D%2Bca.%2B1880%2Banti-immigrant%2Btrade%2Bcard.%2BThe%2BWarshaw%2BCollection%2Bof%2BBusiness%2BAmericana%252C%2BSmithsonian%2BInstitution%252C%2BNational%2BMuseum%2Bof%2BAmerican%2BHistory%252C%2BArchives%2BCenter.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="462" height="376" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z4yU6Tf3jtE/X-D38VoBTPI/AAAAAAAAzo8/5niVDmve7FUiXrpEiribm-899aa-iLJjQCLcBGAsYHQ/w221-h376/1880%2B%25E2%2580%259CNo%2Bmore%2BChinese%2Bcheap%2Blabor%252C%25E2%2580%259D%2Bca.%2B1880%2Banti-immigrant%2Btrade%2Bcard.%2BThe%2BWarshaw%2BCollection%2Bof%2BBusiness%2BAmericana%252C%2BSmithsonian%2BInstitution%252C%2BNational%2BMuseum%2Bof%2BAmerican%2BHistory%252C%2BArchives%2BCenter.png" width="221" /></a></div><p>However, there were notable defenses of the Chinese such as Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll's argument in 1899 against the unjust exclusion that fell on deaf ears. Green was a free thinker, abolitionist, and considered the <a href="https://secularhumanism.org/ingersoll-museum/robert-green-ingersoll-biography/" target="_blank">foremost orator and political speechmaker of late 19th century America.</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qxS_UGLUrvI/X-Dv7TtHJCI/AAAAAAAAzn4/-nHfFnk8pWEcrzEy53g4sVrgTdz665lAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s675/1899%2Bcol%2Bingersoll%2Bdefends%2Bc.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="424" height="359" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qxS_UGLUrvI/X-Dv7TtHJCI/AAAAAAAAzn4/-nHfFnk8pWEcrzEy53g4sVrgTdz665lAgCLcBGAsYHQ/w226-h359/1899%2Bcol%2Bingersoll%2Bdefends%2Bc.png" width="226" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> In contrast to Ingersoll's defense of the Chinese, an article published in the Birmingham newspaper on January 3, 1911, p.17 argued for continuing the exclusion of Chinese. Using the caricature of the Chinese as a cheater who outmaneuvers two white men trying to cheat him in a card game in a poem written in 1870 by Bret Harte, <i>Plain Language From Truthful James </i>that was more widely known as <i>The Heathen Chinee.</i> The 1911Birmingham article invoked the image of the devious untrustworthy "heathen Chinee" created way back in 1870 to depicts the many sneaky ways the Chinese devised to gain entry illegally into the country. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aQLRV1H_EgU/X-D-4onkgbI/AAAAAAAAzpI/Hp_r7rwTHCwNQBq4Wbg051uciPzuu8t2ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1000/heathen%2Bchinee.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="766" height="453" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aQLRV1H_EgU/X-D-4onkgbI/AAAAAAAAzpI/Hp_r7rwTHCwNQBq4Wbg051uciPzuu8t2ACLcBGAsYHQ/w347-h453/heathen%2Bchinee.jpg" width="347" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Caqu1lnfSZY/X-DxkkMnqWI/AAAAAAAAzoE/QlcYOXvvjVM-xi5YPXuX82PRUvyISo5ugCLcBGAsYHQ/s411/dirty%2Bheader%2B%25281%2529.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="266" height="397" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Caqu1lnfSZY/X-DxkkMnqWI/AAAAAAAAzoE/QlcYOXvvjVM-xi5YPXuX82PRUvyISo5ugCLcBGAsYHQ/w256-h397/dirty%2Bheader%2B%25281%2529.png" width="256" /></a></div><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ez7g6zFZPlQ/X-D10yRhvQI/AAAAAAAAzoQ/xywOgyJhrwMBTKuIv45rfUGeCzUH9eOZQCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="266" height="366" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ez7g6zFZPlQ/X-D10yRhvQI/AAAAAAAAzoQ/xywOgyJhrwMBTKuIv45rfUGeCzUH9eOZQCLcBGAsYHQ/w256-h366/image.png" width="256" /></a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-32rpX-P9peE/X-D2GJhNpiI/AAAAAAAAzoY/s36CP_Q6-1Y7vl1l9uWMN2MrbLG3QzIDACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="268" height="286" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-32rpX-P9peE/X-D2GJhNpiI/AAAAAAAAzoY/s36CP_Q6-1Y7vl1l9uWMN2MrbLG3QzIDACLcBGAsYHQ/w290-h286/image.png" width="290" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-oquaFcTMJa4/X-D2XXqr0HI/AAAAAAAAzog/_221tBlbeRwUn5PyRd7Gb6uADMAp1BDcQCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="262" height="240" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-oquaFcTMJa4/X-D2XXqr0HI/AAAAAAAAzog/_221tBlbeRwUn5PyRd7Gb6uADMAp1BDcQCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" width="311" /></a> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-VwUv_gQDAxA/X-D2mbatnyI/AAAAAAAAzok/N7bW4GeiWSEgZLxSsKvGLaoz1mMZozg7wCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="291" data-original-width="266" height="312" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-VwUv_gQDAxA/X-D2mbatnyI/AAAAAAAAzok/N7bW4GeiWSEgZLxSsKvGLaoz1mMZozg7wCLcBGAsYHQ/w286-h312/image.png" width="286" /></a></div><br /></div><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-esz8AzRHBMM/X-D3HzBep2I/AAAAAAAAzo0/cGGSJA7Q8U8llu1vK5BCjHF0TI8pu6-VgCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="264" height="212" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-esz8AzRHBMM/X-D3HzBep2I/AAAAAAAAzo0/cGGSJA7Q8U8llu1vK5BCjHF0TI8pu6-VgCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Many of the arguments were specious. If the Chinese were 'unassimilable,' it was not an inherent trait of the Chinese but a condition imposed by the racist barriers that denied Chinese naturalization, opportunity to testify in court, and the denial of their bringing wives and children from China, among other impediments. The closing claim, without evidence, that the Chinese had 10,000 copies made of landmarks to aid immigrants in answering questions from immigration officials was a smear against the Chinese.<br /><br /><p></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-91175114835538551032020-12-20T17:14:00.004-08:002021-01-02T22:01:03.539-08:00 Chinese Sunday School in Birmingham, Alabama, 1903<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kJO5jyXkBmI/X9_t99EOlDI/AAAAAAAAznk/vJ6ZjMT8hOc1I05b0ZodacdXpjX8qnWnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s513/chin%2Bbirm%2Bheader.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="513" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kJO5jyXkBmI/X9_t99EOlDI/AAAAAAAAznk/vJ6ZjMT8hOc1I05b0ZodacdXpjX8qnWnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/chin%2Bbirm%2Bheader.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> This 1903 newspaper account of the Chinese in Birmingham, Alabama, caught my attention for several reasons. It showed that despite the harsh and discriminatory treatment of Chinese across the country in 1903 that began decades earlier and continued for many subsequent decades, there were efforts by Christian churches, even in the Deep South, to convert these "heathens" to Christianity through Sunday School classes.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TCZXxZlm0Rw/X9_tpJvNh0I/AAAAAAAAznM/Z-Z2Xf7uD6sAQw7MNwGZh4az_Po6qplngCLcBGAsYHQ/s279/1903%2B15%2Bstudents%2Bbirm%2Bs%252Cs.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="255" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TCZXxZlm0Rw/X9_tpJvNh0I/AAAAAAAAznM/Z-Z2Xf7uD6sAQw7MNwGZh4az_Po6qplngCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/1903%2B15%2Bstudents%2Bbirm%2Bs%252Cs.png" /></a></div></div><p> The Second Presbyterian Church provided 15 teachers for 15 Chinese students of unspecified ages. It was felt that the 1:1 ratio would expedite their acquisition of English. That might be a valid point but, I was surprised that there were as many as 15 Chinese children in Birmingham at all! The 1900 census showed only 5 Chinese, all adult males, and the 1910 census showed only 10 Chinese adult males. No women or children were listed in either census. This discrepancy probably is due to poor enumeration that failed to record any Chinese children, or women, if there were any.</p> The pastor cited the importance of this outreach "<i>because the Chinese are subject to many temptations peculiar to American cities." </i>He did not cite specific temptations but implied that Sunday School experiences would protect them. As an aside, he did not seem to recognize how effectively Chinese parents discipline their children to behave.<p></p><p> A final argument by the pastor for the value of Sunday School experiences for Chinese children was that when they retire and return to China, they may play a role in the evangelical goal of spreading the Gospel in China. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YvU7iUJdfdA/X9_tuoDybEI/AAAAAAAAznY/PEGVm0AlQVcAO7HM-eobl83zujG3h2siACLcBGAsYHQ/s253/birm%2Bchin%2Bwill%2Bretire%2Bto%2Bpreasch%2Bgospel%2Bin%2Bchina.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="136" data-original-width="253" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YvU7iUJdfdA/X9_tuoDybEI/AAAAAAAAznY/PEGVm0AlQVcAO7HM-eobl83zujG3h2siACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/birm%2Bchin%2Bwill%2Bretire%2Bto%2Bpreasch%2Bgospel%2Bin%2Bchina.png" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div> The evangelical mission in Birmingham was by no means an isolated one, but one that could be found increasingly in towns, large and small, across the country by 1900.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-4517724442610402452020-12-16T19:56:00.002-08:002021-01-02T22:01:19.657-08:00El Paso Chinese <p style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>By the early 1870s, a great depression hit the United States and unemployed Americans blamed the cheap labor of the rapidly growing number of Chinese immigrants. Consequently, the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 barred Chinese laborers from entering, and for those already in the country from becoming naturalized U.S. citizens. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>The Chinese in El Paso found illegal means to bring in their countrymen. Chinese were thought to have <a href="https://elpasotimes.typepad.com/morgue/2012/04/2007-mysterious-tunnels.html" target="_blank">built tunnels to smuggle</a> Chinese across the Mexican border from Juarez into El Paso. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cwCsUr8iBp8/X9rQm6CjhWI/AAAAAAAAzj8/4OOvm-WpEEkixLmFykeAHJJoDG7DRDY-gCPcBGAYYCw/s320/6a00d83451c9c869e2016765ce4c61970b-320wi.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="210" data-original-width="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cwCsUr8iBp8/X9rQm6CjhWI/AAAAAAAAzj8/4OOvm-WpEEkixLmFykeAHJJoDG7DRDY-gCPcBGAYYCw/s0/6a00d83451c9c869e2016765ce4c61970b-320wi.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> In 1881, the first 1200 Chinese arrived in El Paso to work on the Southern Pacific Railroad connecting El Paso and California. After construction was completed, some workers moved on to work in other places in the U.S., some returned home to China, but others remained in El Paso. Evidence that a large Chinese community developed in El Paso is seen at the <a href="http://www.concordiacemetery.org/about.html" target="_blank">Concordia Cemetery</a>, which has a sizable <a href="http://www.concordiacemetery.org/ChineseCemtery.html" target="_blank">section for burials of Chinese</a>.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SAeuVXiGs5k/X9rRCn7Z14I/AAAAAAAAzkU/3F1QDtVqzXElkIJYTR0YJGS71vr15GCqACLcBGAsYHQ/s941/concordia%2Bcem%2Bhomep.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="888" data-original-width="941" height="269" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SAeuVXiGs5k/X9rRCn7Z14I/AAAAAAAAzkU/3F1QDtVqzXElkIJYTR0YJGS71vr15GCqACLcBGAsYHQ/w284-h269/concordia%2Bcem%2Bhomep.png" width="284" /></a></div></div><p></p><p></p><div style="text-align: right;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LnG2DJqgD4k/X9rRCw_ZyEI/AAAAAAAAzkY/vcWEXpLWa-0eB3IIX2NEkfIk9dlJj9MvACLcBGAsYHQ/s1179/concordia%2Bcemet.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="1179" height="263" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LnG2DJqgD4k/X9rRCw_ZyEI/AAAAAAAAzkY/vcWEXpLWa-0eB3IIX2NEkfIk9dlJj9MvACLcBGAsYHQ/w330-h263/concordia%2Bcemet.png" width="330" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> Sam Hing was a Chinese operating in El Paso as a labor contractor recruiting Chinese laborers looking for work on the Southern Pacific work crews. Hing became one of the most prominent, influential, and successful Chinese. By 1900, Hing, having moved to Mexico, was reputed to be worth as much as $15 million. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SVfEbw0eSG8/X9rRBJ7fxvI/AAAAAAAAzkI/Iqe6pP5g-aE9Wz8RVVO0864Pkh9AxnObwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1639/1900%2Brichest%2Bchinaman%2BSam%2BHing.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1639" data-original-width="546" height="768" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SVfEbw0eSG8/X9rRBJ7fxvI/AAAAAAAAzkI/Iqe6pP5g-aE9Wz8RVVO0864Pkh9AxnObwCLcBGAsYHQ/w288-h768/1900%2Brichest%2Bchinaman%2BSam%2BHing.png" width="288" /></a></div><p></p><p> Hing attributed his financial success to his dedication to work and smart investments. However, he is alleged to have treated the Chinese laborers he hired like slaves so his financial gains were at their expense. Two laborers about to be deported testified about the horrible treatment they received working for Hing.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wj-vGgBYQ6A/X9rRBBUJw4I/AAAAAAAAzkE/r-l7sJ_xNKAGmV9TNxSNSwlX5HxODaeMgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1558/1900%2Boct%2BSam%2BH%2Bdeport.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1558" data-original-width="547" height="537" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wj-vGgBYQ6A/X9rRBBUJw4I/AAAAAAAAzkE/r-l7sJ_xNKAGmV9TNxSNSwlX5HxODaeMgCLcBGAsYHQ/w188-h537/1900%2Boct%2BSam%2BH%2Bdeport.jpg" width="188" /></a></div><p></p><p>An El Paso newspaper article written in 1940 about the early days of Chinese in El Paso did not cite the year but noted that Sam Hing eventually moved from El Paso to Mexico with his fortune and married a Mexican woman.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3yJ6ZuhLHM/X9rRBLN46qI/AAAAAAAAzkA/5oZrcgWYmhkBrcZrp8yTq7Q-g_fG94ucACLcBGAsYHQ/s633/%2Bsam%2Bhing%2Bmarry.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="443" height="389" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k3yJ6ZuhLHM/X9rRBLN46qI/AAAAAAAAzkA/5oZrcgWYmhkBrcZrp8yTq7Q-g_fG94ucACLcBGAsYHQ/w272-h389/%2Bsam%2Bhing%2Bmarry.png" width="272" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div><br /></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-74242222315090660282020-11-11T12:14:00.003-08:002020-11-11T14:03:11.380-08:00Chop Suey...the Font, Is it Racist?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iJZXllFh8_0/X6w6i82QEUI/AAAAAAAAzYM/6wOsEUBbIucEFL9JFCCzkm16ybnrQws3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/1901%2BLi%2BHung%2BChang%2Btribute%2Bdeath_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Nov_17__1901_.tiff" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1519" height="762" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iJZXllFh8_0/X6w6i82QEUI/AAAAAAAAzYM/6wOsEUBbIucEFL9JFCCzkm16ybnrQws3QCLcBGAsYHQ/w566-h762/1901%2BLi%2BHung%2BChang%2Btribute%2Bdeath_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Nov_17__1901_.tiff" width="566" /></a></div><br />Upon his death in November 1901, the Sunday Call newspaper in San Francisco devoted an entire page in tribute to <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/94505471/" target="_blank">Li Hung Chang</a>, a powerful statesman, and diplomat, who they dubbed the "Yellow Napoleon." Such recognition was deserving, but I wondered if the font chosen for headers was not in poor taste. Known variously as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton_font" target="_blank">Chop Suey font</a> or later in the 1950s as Mandarin font, it was created in 1883 by the Cleveland Foundry and has become the go-to graphic whenever one wants to emphasize the foreign or exotic aspect of Chinese, and other Asians.<p></p> Critics, such as <a href="https://blog.usejournal.com/designing-the-chinese-american-brand-427373c061c2" target="_blank">Crystal Wang</a>, of the font have argued it perpetuates a harmful, if not outright racist, stereotype.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YuRrUsn2GpY/X6w92sxdREI/AAAAAAAAzYc/Tgvx8T54izgnSY8DA6aJ2d8xJ1_p4p_HgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1178/chop%2Bsuey%2Bfont%2B1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="1178" height="431" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YuRrUsn2GpY/X6w92sxdREI/AAAAAAAAzYc/Tgvx8T54izgnSY8DA6aJ2d8xJ1_p4p_HgCLcBGAsYHQ/w507-h431/chop%2Bsuey%2Bfont%2B1.png" width="507" /></a></div>Wang cites two egregious uses of the Chop Suey font in advertising Chinese food and promoting 'humor' on clothing items.<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Smk1ntvl7EU/X6w92g1ebPI/AAAAAAAAzYg/hrKKVs1zyl8_mf0Y9bRXSXO1J340OAAxQCLcBGAsYHQ/s976/chop%2Bsuey%2Bfont%2B1.5.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="976" data-original-width="786" height="519" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Smk1ntvl7EU/X6w92g1ebPI/AAAAAAAAzYg/hrKKVs1zyl8_mf0Y9bRXSXO1J340OAAxQCLcBGAsYHQ/w418-h519/chop%2Bsuey%2Bfont%2B1.5.png" width="418" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.good.is/articles/how-chop-suey-fonts-sell-a-fictional-china" target="_blank">Political campaign ads</a> have used the font to invoke imagery of Chinese, and other Asian, candidates for political offices as foreigners.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--Q0rqGZ-B1c/X6w92hVqXGI/AAAAAAAAzYo/rmXRxaIftUs-BR6kxfaq_XxSgJb5lJ3NwCPcBGAYYCw/s1002/chop%2Bsuey%2Bfont%2B2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="1002" height="377" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--Q0rqGZ-B1c/X6w92hVqXGI/AAAAAAAAzYo/rmXRxaIftUs-BR6kxfaq_XxSgJb5lJ3NwCPcBGAYYCw/w397-h377/chop%2Bsuey%2Bfont%2B2.png" width="397" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>On the other hand, it must be recognized that Chinese restaurants have employed Chop Suey font in ads and menus for decades and might be accused of promoting its use. However, Chinese restaurants promoting Chinese food would seem more justified than a clothing brand in using Chop Suey font.</div><div><br /></div><div> The comedienne, <a href="https://margaretcho.com/2012/03/21/chop-suey-font/" target="_blank">Margaret Cho</a>, who is Korean lamented how the Chop Suey font boxed her in the way she was promoted.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Oh if I had a dollar for every time I have seen ads promoting me with racist caricatures, fonts or descriptions – I would have many, many, many dollars, flying off me like lettuce leaves that you could roll up some rice and dried shrimp and chili paste in. The first time was when I was about 16 or 17, on a wall of hastily pinned up notices for upcoming shows. My name blazed in big bright letters in the Chop Suey font, pointy, sword shaped lines to create words, familiar from Chinese restaurants and pretty much anything of Asian origin repackaged and sold everywhere that is not Asia.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Under my name, which was tremendously exciting to see in print, way back then, no matter what font it was in, was a small caricature of a coolie, in a rice paddy hat, with bucked teeth and holding chopsticks, rice spilling out everywhere. The futility of rice eaten with chopsticks – this has never made sense to me. It’s very hard to pick up these tiny pieces of food with sticks. I haven’t gotten the hang of it yet. I am not sure I will ever, if I haven’t by now.</i></div><div><span> </span><br /></div><div>Finally, perhaps it is fitting that the 1901 newspaper articles on Li Hung Chang used Chop Suey font. After all, it is believed that<a href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/progress/jb_progress_suey_1.html" target="_blank"> "chop suey" __the dish was literally invented for him </a>on a visit to New York and Philadelphia in 1893!</div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-14524098188844882092020-11-10T14:06:00.004-08:002021-01-02T22:01:53.078-08:00Two Chinese Fought Racial Discrimination, One Win and One Loss At the U.S. Supreme Court<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><b>Yick Wo</b> was a laundryman in San Francisco for 22 years in the late 19th century. A law passed in 1880 banned Chinese laundries in wood buildings, </span>unless they had a permit. <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">The law was proposed as a public safety measure as laundries in wood buildings had high risks of starting fires. Yick Wo defied this law and continued operating his laundry. </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">He </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was fined" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E5267253285F6184BF394CBB1E01EA8A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">was fined</pwa> and jailed</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"> for his failure to comply with the ban.</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">His case, <a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886</a>, went to the US Supreme Court. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">Of about 200 Chinese laundrymen, only one was granted a permit, yet almost all white-owned laundries, which were also </span>in wood structures, received a permit. The Supreme Court ruled in Yick Wo's favor, not because there was no fire risk, but because its discriminatory enforcement would close all Chinese laundries, and thus violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E3YQqCzb3xU/X6sKWOYzlfI/AAAAAAAAzXw/b2HpfcRWefQ8gbtJApAe7QoUl6PizMbuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s902/yick%2Bwo%2B3rd%2Bst%2Bs.f.%2B1880s.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="902" data-original-width="687" height="414" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E3YQqCzb3xU/X6sKWOYzlfI/AAAAAAAAzXw/b2HpfcRWefQ8gbtJApAe7QoUl6PizMbuwCLcBGAsYHQ/w315-h414/yick%2Bwo%2B3rd%2Bst%2Bs.f.%2B1880s.png" width="315" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><b>Gong Lum</b> operated a grocery store in Rosedale, Mississippi. The School Board ruled in 1924 that his two daughters, Martha and Berda (3rd and 4th from the left bottom row in the class photograph) could not attend a white school in Mississippi <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="on the grounds that" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: because" data-pwa-id="pwa-90FC744171C953AEC8080E17C8196723" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_3065" data-pwa-suggestions="because">on the grounds that</pwa> they were not Caucasians and should attend a school for colored children. Gong Lum <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="obtained" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: got" data-pwa-id="pwa-021DB9DBD8615A40CAC7301B6D54FD81" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2073" data-pwa-suggestions="got">obtained</pwa> legal <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="assistance" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by using: help" data-pwa-id="pwa-C59E961E03C2D193495DAD5715C3A33F" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_2019" data-pwa-suggestions="help">assistance</pwa> to take his <a href="https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lum_v._Rice">case to the U.S. Supreme Court</a>, which ruled against him, <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/275/78/" target="_blank">Gong Lum v. Rice, 1927</a>, upholding school segregation. Gong Lum lost the fight and responded by moving his family across the Mississippi River to Arkansas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kUFARlzNWqg/X6sLyIsFpyI/AAAAAAAAzX8/GemleamZBpQI8GkcsIxOcCrvkzRP6ttBwCLcBGAsYHQ/s960/1924%2BRosedale%2BSchool%2Bclass%2Bpix.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="960" height="261" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kUFARlzNWqg/X6sLyIsFpyI/AAAAAAAAzX8/GemleamZBpQI8GkcsIxOcCrvkzRP6ttBwCLcBGAsYHQ/w456-h261/1924%2BRosedale%2BSchool%2Bclass%2Bpix.jpeg" width="456" /></a></div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These cases illustrate some of the discriminatory barriers the Chinese faced, and how they fought back with legal action. Even though they did not always get favorable rulings, their cases became significant historic legal decisions in American history.</div>
Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-63109409406489601982020-10-29T21:56:00.004-07:002021-01-25T21:14:19.606-08:00Chinese Exclusion (1882) Is Followed by Expulsion (1892) <div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #ffa400;"> </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act failed to stem the tide of Chinese immigration that posed a great threat of cheap labor taking jobs from white labor. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Ironically, in the 1860s, </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">American tycoons recruited </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">thousands of Chinese laborers to help build the Transcontinental Railroad. U</span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">pon its completion in 1869, Chinese railroad workers moved to build peripheral railroads as well as entered other occupations including mining, fishing, farming, lumbering, and manufacturing, fields which they were eventually barred from forcing hundreds to run hand laundries and later, Chinese restaurants. In 1892 when the original Chinese Exclusion Act was due to expire, Thomas Geary proposed a 10-year extension known as the Geary Act which required all Chinese in the United States:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-L-z9XdiTlHQ/X5ZZLxvrASI/AAAAAAAAzTo/HfESeWUg6D81yhFFFtYyFExI6HKZdFMpQCLcBGAsYHQ/download%2B6002d6-fid4_0.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1306" data-original-width="1398" height="230" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-L-z9XdiTlHQ/X5ZZLxvrASI/AAAAAAAAzTo/HfESeWUg6D81yhFFFtYyFExI6HKZdFMpQCLcBGAsYHQ/w247-h230/download%2B6002d6-fid4_0.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span>1. to have 2 white witnesses attest that he was not illegal </span><span>and apply for a Certificate of </span><span>Residence bearing his photograph</span></div></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> 2. </span><span>and, if stopped by the collector of revenue (later replaced by the Customs Office) </span><span>without their Certificate of Residence, face a fine up to $1,000,</span></div></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span>3. and be jailed for up to a year of hard labor, </span></div></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span>4. and finally be deported. </span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span> </span>Chinese strenuously objected to this draconian law. The Chinese Six Companies advised the Chinese to resist this demeaning law, which essentially required them to wear what amounted to a “dog tag.” Furthermore, it was proposed, but not approved, that Chinese detained when attempting to enter the country could no longer file a </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">writ of habeas corpus,</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> which previously enabled many to circumvent immigration requirements. </span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span> </span>The Geary Act raised fears of the threat of work stoppages, reduced cotton trade, and possible violence toward American missionaries </span>in China<span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">The China Equal Rights League vigorously protested the Geary Act, and one of its leaders, a laundryman named <b>Fong Yue Ting</b> along with Wong Quan, and Lee Joe went to the U.S. Marshal's office in Manhattan in 1893 to turn themselves in as illegal residents. The judge ordered them deported and</span><span> their lawyers immediately appealed the decision on the grounds that the deportation order was done without due process. <i>Fong Yue Ting v. United States</i> went to the U.S. Supreme Court where </span><span>Joseph Choate, </span><span>the lawyer for the Chinese challenged the constitutionality of the ruling.</span></div></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> <span> </span></span><span>Justice Horace Gray held that Congress had the power to deport, and that power is absolute and unqualified, following an earlier ruling </span><span>in </span><i>Chae Chan Ping v. United States</i><span> (1889) </span><span>of plenary power which does not allow appeals of government decisions. Ping had made a trip to visit China and held a Certificate of Residence that entitled him to reentry, but he was denied on the argument that prohibiting immigrants from re-entering the country was an exercise of sovereignty. </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">In the case of Fong Yue Ting, the U.S. Supreme Court held that immigration <i>expulsion</i> was so closely aligned with immigration <i>exclusion</i> that it fell within the realm of Congress's plenary power over matters related to foreign relations. The court did not view deportation as a punishment arguing that it was but a method of "</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">enforcing the return to his own country of an alien who has not complied with the conditions upon the performance of which the government of the nation acting within the Constitutional Authority as determined is continuing to reside</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> there." </span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span> </span>In other words deportation merely an administrative process, and not a criminal ruling, which would trigger 5th Amendment protections. However, returning unauthorized immigrants to their country of origin is not subject to due process protections. Dissenting Justice Stephan Field, who in many past cases defended Chinese exclusion, maintained that deportation went too far. He challenged the view that deportation was merely an administrative process because it involved deprivation of liberty, and removal from home, family, business, and property.</span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span> </span>Ultimately, what saved the Chinese from the full application of the Geary Act was the enormous financial cost of identifying, arresting, detaining, imprisoning, and deporting all unlawful Chinese immigrants. The estimated cost was more than six million dollars, far exceeding the </span><span>$50,000 </span><span>Congress had allocated for enforcement of the Geary Act. </span><span>There was no option but to order U.S. Marshals and Customs officers to refrain from enforcing the Geary Act. </span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span> </span>The <i>Fong Yue Ting</i> ruling dealt with the deportation provision of the Geary Act but did not address the legality of the imprisonment component. The Chinese Six Companies challenged Section 4 of the Geary Act which allowed judges to send deportees to prison while awaiting deportation. In1892 Wong Wing, Lee Poy, Lee You Tong, and Chan Wah Dong walked into the offices of the US Marshal in Detroit and admitted to an unlawful residence </span><span>in the United States </span><span>and did not have Certificates of Residence. They were sentenced to serve 60 days in jail and then deported, a ruling which was immediately appealed. </span></div></span><i style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><span> </span>Wong Wing v. United States</i><span> took four years to reach the Supreme Court where lawyer Frank Canfield challenged a deportation hearing as not meeting the Constitutional requirements for depriving persons of their liberty and that the Constitution guarantees due process to every person subject to imprisonment. No person, regardless of immigration or citizenship status, can be summarily be imprisoned without a jury trial and protection from cruel and unusual punishment. </span></div></i><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of <i>Wong Wing v. United States </i>that unlawful residence was not a crime. Unlawful residents who had committed no crime should not be subject to criminal punishment. </span><span>The Court, therefore, prohibited federal judges from sentencing deportees to prison prior to deportation. If arrested Chinese</span><span> cases were summarily adjudicated, they could still be forcibly removed from the country, but could not be imprisoned awaiting deportation. </span></div></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><i><span> </span>Wong Wing v. </i></span><span><i>United States</i> decriminalized unlawful residence within the United States and prohibited imprisonment as a practice of US immigration control, a view that remains valid to this day.</span></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> The Wong Wing ruling on May 18,1896 attracted little public attention perhaps because it was overshadowed by the ruling on the same date of the Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, decision that established the “separate but equal” doctrine regarding public facilities for whites and blacks. It reasserted white supremacy in the face of black emancipation and defined the basic architecture of race relations in the United States for many decades.</span></div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span> </span>Since 1896 there have been nearly 50 million deportations and forced removals from the United States. Despite the Wong Wing v. United States decision, most of today's deportees, largely Hispanic rather than Chinese, were forcibly confined within one of the nation's carceral facility between capture and deportation.</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><b> </b></span><span>In Los Angeles alone, the jails are so clogged with persons awaiting deportation that the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has contracts with private companies to cage the overflow of detainees. D</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">efenders of this practice hold that it is "</span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>not imprisonment in a legal sense</i><b>.<span style="color: #ffa400;">"</span></b></span></div></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">For more information:</span></div></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Kelly Lytle Hernandez. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">City of </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion, and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771-1965. University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, N.C.: 2017. </span></div></span></div><p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p></p><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-9fb5ccbd-7fff-873a-322e-37af7d924c9b"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-27005647065797158912020-10-26T17:56:00.003-07:002020-10-26T17:56:33.077-07:00Chinese on a Californian Peach Farm: Set of 6 Oilette Postcards by Graham Hyde<p> Perhaps the first, or one of the first picture postcards, were those created in England by RaphaelTuck in the early 1900s by different artists including Graham Hyde who made these lovely six scenes of Chinese on a Californias peach farm in 1908.</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">All Tuck collectors recognize the trademark "Oilette". This was a type of card used by Tuck, starting in 1903, with a surface designed to appear as a miniature oil painting. Early "Oilettes" had a brush stroke simulation, but the vast majority of Tuck "Oilettes" have a smooth surface. Many collectors refer to any facsimile of an artist's work as an "Oilette". The cities of New York, Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Atlanta, New Orleans, Baltimore, Santa Fe and Ottawa were all well covered by Tuck "Oilettes". State views of Maine, the Adirondacks in New York, Jamestown Virginia, and others are well represented among the "Oilettes". Many "Oilettes" also exist for many of the other countries in the "Americas". Raphael Tuck in their catalogs described "Oilettes" as "veritable miniature oil paintings". Prominent artists for American and Canadian "Oilettes" included Charles Flower and Albert Operti.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-msMqDdH-1dw/X5dqVN7QCAI/AAAAAAAAzUE/S6PdxcigFxgSPw0HWxHGF1kMaTwzKKMOACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="352" height="178" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-msMqDdH-1dw/X5dqVN7QCAI/AAAAAAAAzUE/S6PdxcigFxgSPw0HWxHGF1kMaTwzKKMOACLcBGAsYHQ/w237-h178/image.png" width="237" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-U9kWJLII2S4/X5dqbVltV8I/AAAAAAAAzUI/kPK9HBuULtop-rZRF2Qp-JLsk3Ua4un1gCLcBGAsYHQ/1%2Btuck%2Bcard%2Boilette%2Bchin%2Bpeach%2Bfarming.%25C2%25A0pruning.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="845" height="291" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-U9kWJLII2S4/X5dqbVltV8I/AAAAAAAAzUI/kPK9HBuULtop-rZRF2Qp-JLsk3Ua4un1gCLcBGAsYHQ/w336-h291/1%2Btuck%2Bcard%2Boilette%2Bchin%2Bpeach%2Bfarming.%25C2%25A0pruning.png" width="336" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-fjxvYQyBB-c/X5dqfxUV-cI/AAAAAAAAzUM/8So5k6S2nX0CtPXmlSdb8KbiMt4FVyYhwCLcBGAsYHQ/2%2Btuckdb%2Bchin%2Bpostcards00017%2Bgraham%2Bhyde%2Bpeach%2Bfarm%2Bpicking.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="765" data-original-width="930" height="270" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-fjxvYQyBB-c/X5dqfxUV-cI/AAAAAAAAzUM/8So5k6S2nX0CtPXmlSdb8KbiMt4FVyYhwCLcBGAsYHQ/w328-h270/2%2Btuckdb%2Bchin%2Bpostcards00017%2Bgraham%2Bhyde%2Bpeach%2Bfarm%2Bpicking.png" width="328" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-KklgAz2FAEQ/X5dqto-XdkI/AAAAAAAAzUc/FULF00SfU_Y3QOBur4klJyarZRj6RYZaACLcBGAsYHQ/4%2Btuck%2Bcard%2Bchin%2Bpeach%2Bpacking.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="928" height="266" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-KklgAz2FAEQ/X5dqto-XdkI/AAAAAAAAzUc/FULF00SfU_Y3QOBur4klJyarZRj6RYZaACLcBGAsYHQ/w326-h266/4%2Btuck%2Bcard%2Bchin%2Bpeach%2Bpacking.png" width="326" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-lKOS-WbyDf4/X5drD_CFIpI/AAAAAAAAzUw/8mLI5yY6gnI5mZZT-FfAYDpdUys8rrE3QCLcBGAsYHQ/5%2Btuckdb%2Bchin%2Bpostcards%2Bgraham%2Bhyde%2Bcal%2Bpeach%2Bfarm%2Bshipping.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="931" height="269" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-lKOS-WbyDf4/X5drD_CFIpI/AAAAAAAAzUw/8mLI5yY6gnI5mZZT-FfAYDpdUys8rrE3QCLcBGAsYHQ/w318-h269/5%2Btuckdb%2Bchin%2Bpostcards%2Bgraham%2Bhyde%2Bcal%2Bpeach%2Bfarm%2Bshipping.png" width="318" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-v73a4gSfAcU/X5dq4TrH5GI/AAAAAAAAzUo/opQ8C1NZ64kvsTvS_2sGy02ZgXyoXf2IQCLcBGAsYHQ/6%2Btuckdb%2Bchin%2Bpostcards%2Bgraham%2Bhyde%2Bcalif%2Bpeach%2Bfarmers%2Bnight%2Bdinner.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="933" height="266" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-v73a4gSfAcU/X5dq4TrH5GI/AAAAAAAAzUo/opQ8C1NZ64kvsTvS_2sGy02ZgXyoXf2IQCLcBGAsYHQ/w352-h266/6%2Btuckdb%2Bchin%2Bpostcards%2Bgraham%2Bhyde%2Bcalif%2Bpeach%2Bfarmers%2Bnight%2Bdinner.png" width="352" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Graham Hyde also created a set of six caricatures of Chinese expressions. An open-ended phrase in cursive (in blue)was part of the postcard and the sender completed the phrase with his or her own sentiment (in black) to send to the recipient of the card.</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-O3lQEbmMdvA/X5dt7CC2IiI/AAAAAAAAzVA/GYqplZ6kFt0GgpGEB3brr6WXxKqB9F2gQCLcBGAsYHQ/oilette%2Bset%2Bof%2B6%2BChin%2Bcaricature%2Bpostcards%2Bgraham%2Bhyde.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="901" height="532" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-O3lQEbmMdvA/X5dt7CC2IiI/AAAAAAAAzVA/GYqplZ6kFt0GgpGEB3brr6WXxKqB9F2gQCLcBGAsYHQ/w563-h532/oilette%2Bset%2Bof%2B6%2BChin%2Bcaricature%2Bpostcards%2Bgraham%2Bhyde.png" width="563" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-59587245532888136732020-08-31T10:55:00.006-07:002021-01-02T21:58:58.620-08:00Qiaopi: Remittances from Gold Mountain to Guangdong<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Starting around the middle of the 19th century, a Chinese diaspora grew as tens of thousands emigrated from Guangdong villages to many places around the world. They saved some of their earnings to send back to their parents and if married, to their wives and any children back in China.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Qiaopi is one of several names given to the “silver letters” Chinese emigrants sent home. These remittances of money were typically accompanied by brief letters that described how the funds were to be distributed as well as personal expressions to family. Letters sent back to the emigrants were called huipi.</div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Access to these correspondences accompanying the remittances could provide valuable insights about relationships between the emigrants and their families. A detailed examination of a collection of these letters, which have not been studied in depth previously, estimated to number over 160,000 in private collections, has been analyzed in a 2018 book by Gregor Benton and Haiming Liu in <b><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Dear China: Emigrant Letters and Remittances, 1820 -1980. </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Using archival data collated from different parts of the world, t</span>he authors analyze the institutions for receiving and delivering the remittances and letters as well as delivering the huipi to the emigrant emitters. Since many families of emigrants were illiterate, they had to rely on the couriers (pijiao) to prepare the huipi or letters to send to the remitter to not only acknowledge receipt of funds but ask for more money, beg the emigrant to return, or seek guidance to help them emigrate to join them in America, among many other topics of family matters.</div></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Unlike in today's world of instantaneously delivered communications with secured access, it must be recognized that in the not too distant past, the process was much slower and possibly subject to fraud. (As a child, I wondered how swiftly and safely were my father's remittances to a small village in Hoiping.)</div></span><span style="font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><i><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></i></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-412LIBchWGU/X0w_3dAR3KI/AAAAAAAAzEY/ghT6n9Nrm38r9cr6h0QuN9jhvfWf3rELgCLcBGAsYHQ/s499/51lCj8eVxFL._SX332_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="334" height="399" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-412LIBchWGU/X0w_3dAR3KI/AAAAAAAAzEY/ghT6n9Nrm38r9cr6h0QuN9jhvfWf3rELgCLcBGAsYHQ/w267-h399/51lCj8eVxFL._SX332_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" width="267" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">The qiaopi trade involved several major components ranging from the couriers (shuike), remittance shops or "clearing houses (piju), </span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">and the Chinese banking system. <span style="color: #f3f3f3;">There were differences in the details of the operation in different regions as well as in other Asian countries but to succeed they all</span></span></span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: arial;"> involved a deeply embedded trust between the piju, the remitter, and the recipient. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"> Modifications to the process occurred over time in response to</span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;"> factors as varied as political and social class changes in Chinese </span></span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">society, changing literacy rates, and resistance to nationalization.</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The benefits of the remittances went far beyond the individual recipients, according to Benton and Lui, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">who argue that qiaopi not only connected Chinese emigrants with their families back home but significantly contributed to China’s substantial economic and transnational development</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to the rapid growth of Chinese immigration and their remittances, the qiaopi trade quickly grew from one-man operations to the formation of larger <i>piju</i>, a sustainable industry that connected China's modern banks and post office with national, transnational, and international trade networks.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For many years the qiaopi trade was obscure but in the 1990s with the finding of archives of thousands of qiaopi a new research area has been created that looks at emigrants, their descendants, and dependents to describe routines of their daily lives. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Qiaopi had a profound impact on developing China's national economy especially in the coastal regions of Guangdong and Fujian. </span><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Chinese migrants throughout the world utilized networks that were uninterrupted for long periods of time linking Chinese throughout the world with their hometown villages.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Some examples of the correspondences in qiaopi and huipi.</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JhvXXQ6g-UY/X002YQnqGeI/AAAAAAAAzFY/AHoJS1P7IYs9FUtJjbyK5FMRIfjuv-gMACLcBGAsYHQ/s1481/0831200926_Film1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1481" data-original-width="1029" height="512" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JhvXXQ6g-UY/X002YQnqGeI/AAAAAAAAzFY/AHoJS1P7IYs9FUtJjbyK5FMRIfjuv-gMACLcBGAsYHQ/w356-h512/0831200926_Film1.jpg" width="356" /></a></div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ibhH7qVMso4/X002YdZeIaI/AAAAAAAAzFc/uHocjRBh6ugDopMeUCubFYBVK7k3RzNyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1350/0831200930_Film1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="975" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ibhH7qVMso4/X002YdZeIaI/AAAAAAAAzFc/uHocjRBh6ugDopMeUCubFYBVK7k3RzNyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/0831200930_Film1.jpg" /></a></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WY5Vzl93QEc/X002Y5osh2I/AAAAAAAAzFk/RTCDQbtRuikFAueJsLyPzyZN-0cl6J8bwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1516/0831200931_Film1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1516" data-original-width="947" height="512" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WY5Vzl93QEc/X002Y5osh2I/AAAAAAAAzFk/RTCDQbtRuikFAueJsLyPzyZN-0cl6J8bwCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h512/0831200931_Film1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jBuy2Ud7_J4/X002YcByMuI/AAAAAAAAzFg/M9mzp-Y2JOchypDWjmi_vt0UEk7bet_fwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/0831200927a_Film1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="512" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jBuy2Ud7_J4/X002YcByMuI/AAAAAAAAzFg/M9mzp-Y2JOchypDWjmi_vt0UEk7bet_fwCLcBGAsYHQ/w384-h512/0831200927a_Film1.jpg" width="384" /></a></div></div></div></blockquote><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><br /><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-58012859268596326892020-08-26T16:16:00.001-07:002020-08-26T16:16:40.880-07:00Chinese Attempts to Weaken Exclusion Law Opposed by Workingmen's Union<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VSZbJNRi3cw/XlbnDptYnOI/AAAAAAAAwsA/CrsqnC3Iez8ro1Jba2qJ4IWc1f4WsDLkwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/1900%2Bsf%2Bexam%2Bchin%2Btry%2Brevise%2Bexclus%2Blaw.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="1407" height="56" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VSZbJNRi3cw/XlbnDptYnOI/AAAAAAAAwsA/CrsqnC3Iez8ro1Jba2qJ4IWc1f4WsDLkwCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h56/1900%2Bsf%2Bexam%2Bchin%2Btry%2Brevise%2Bexclus%2Blaw.png" width="500" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span face="" style="text-align: start;">When the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882, Chinese leaders in 1900 countered by easing their restrictions affecting immigration of merchants</span><pwa class="pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="" data-pwa-dictionary-word=" ." data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The punctuation mark '.' may not require a space before it. Consider removing the space." data-pwa-id="pwa-631B0C3197D4114C05B5DE0206E7420C" data-pwa-rule-id="WHITESPACE" data-pwa-suggestions="." style="font-family: calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">.</pwa><span face="" style="text-align: start;"> However, the Workingman labor unions voiced strong opposition to any relaxation of</span><span face="" style="text-align: start;"> restrictions fearing that opening the door a little would lead to a large influx of Chinese merchants or Chinese claiming to be merchants.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_2vEO7NYods/XldH07CtOYI/AAAAAAAAwsg/y2MV7QgGWXMBOls8Buo_vhheNBvSqchiwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/1900%2Babstract%2Bexclus%2Blaw%2Bfighht.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="633" height="237" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_2vEO7NYods/XldH07CtOYI/AAAAAAAAwsg/y2MV7QgGWXMBOls8Buo_vhheNBvSqchiwCLcBGAsYHQ/w512-h237/1900%2Babstract%2Bexclus%2Blaw%2Bfighht.png" width="512" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">
“The workingman <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="remember" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Possible agreement error - use third-person verb forms for singular and mass nouns: 'remembers'." data-pwa-id="pwa-60900FBF4FB2201EB80A824A9BB7E09E" data-pwa-rule-id="MASS_AGREEMENT" data-pwa-suggestions="remembers">remembers</pwa> the days when all a Chinaman had to do as to swear that he owned an interest, <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="no matter how small, in a Chinatown store and his right land was established" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6DE54643F93C3D0909283ED53105212D" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="they established no matter how small~it established no matter how small~we established no matter how small~I established no matter how small"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done pwa-mark-ignored" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="no matter how small, in a Chinatown store and his right land was established" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-45FD6C7DFF4B73126965C00A0F82A50A" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="they established no matter how small~it established no matter how small~we established no matter how small~I established no matter how small">no matter how small, in a Chinatown store and his right land was established</pwa></pwa>. They call attention to the fact that under those circumstances the carrying capacity of the steerages of the Pacific Mail steamers <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was taxed" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-1221DEA56C9FF365078A038795971C24" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="was taxed" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-935E794226D86592C6A31CF240352693" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">was taxed</pwa></pwa> to the utmost to provide accommodations for the <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-E773C13C7690A9383C98E817691DEBA1" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="grammar" data-pwa-dictionary-word="“" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="The document has two opening quotation marks in a row before a closing one. If this is because you’re using nested quotation marks, the inner pair should be singles." data-pwa-id="pwa-C985357AEAAD35A9DC5A903E5CF952BF" data-pwa-rule-id="STRUCTURED_PUNCTUATION" data-pwa-suggestions="">“</pwa></pwa>merchants” who were flocking into California. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Business houses were established" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-599CF7DDF2B6C88792C9EE7687F85E73" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="They established business houses~It established business houses~I established business houses~We established business houses"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Business houses were established" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-406682378C7EF0E6575C4CDC96A05AE7" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="They established business houses~It established business houses~I established business houses~We established business houses">Business houses were established</pwa></pwa> in Chinatown for <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the express purpose of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-8FBF6072D070F914B4D919D296D34D01" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1475" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the express purpose of " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-7FAAA175AC29F8DAE1B556A263B417E2" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1475" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">the express purpose of </pwa></pwa>standing sponsor for the “merchants,” and it is a matter of record that some firms had <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as many as " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-1E70F75858CD55AC1AA9FE977F1306F7" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1239" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="as many as " data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Readability may be enhanced by removing this" data-pwa-id="pwa-C2775C3909C8FBD6F8FD3AA63D930C0E" data-pwa-rule-id="READABILITY_1239" data-pwa-suggestions="(omit)">as many as </pwa></pwa>200 members. <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Attention is called" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-002256A2D6CF0B0FF0B6901B4DEA5EBA" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I call attention~We call attention~They call attention"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="Attention is called" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-40E74EB5F82F344FB49C5257C5A040D8" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I call attention~We call attention~They call attention">Attention is called</pwa></pwa> to the fact that agencies <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were established" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-834DFAADA405525FADEC402EF9DE9278" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were established" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-6E60589605E71C59322DD8B13A043461" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were established</pwa></pwa> in China where “merchants” <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were schooled" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-61D5E2CB12D5C9DFD884D3C8A09E3907" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were schooled" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-E2F1178AA43845D4ABF612634116B541" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were schooled</pwa></pwa> in the answers they must give touching their qualifications to enter the United States. The federal courts <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were clogged" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-7BBC76A3C37F48B54DDE2E949298E573" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions=""><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="were clogged" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-47DF375F2AC85016648D005E00E9F3F5" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE" data-pwa-suggestions="">were clogged</pwa></pwa> with habeas corpus cases of alleged Chinese merchants and <pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the two court commissioners were kept" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-B7ADC62F7A3EE8DDEF161C52292FF907" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I kept the two court commissioners~they kept the two court commissioners~we kept the two court commissioners~it kept the two court commissioners"><pwa class="pwa-mark pwa-mark-done" data-pwa-category="style" data-pwa-dictionary-word="the two court commissioners were kept" data-pwa-heavy="false" data-pwa-hint="Passive verbs make your writing less direct. Try to use an active verb instead." data-pwa-id="pwa-5B6FCB9E36238E2202AF8785ABE38B38" data-pwa-rule-id="PASSIVE_VOICE_TO_ACTIVE" data-pwa-suggestions="I kept the two court commissioners~they kept the two court commissioners~we kept the two court commissioners~it kept the two court commissioners">the two court commissioners were kept</pwa></pwa> busy taking evidence.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<o:p></o:p>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-70337210942844733142020-08-26T15:54:00.005-07:002020-08-27T11:09:48.638-07:00Rock Island Line And The Heathen Chinee <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fd66810f-7fff-320c-fd24-22692cc3bace"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: times;">The beginning of the most popular version of "The Rock Island Line" tells the story of a train operator who smuggles pig iron through a toll gate by claiming all he had on board was livestock. The song's chorus includes:</span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>The Rock Island Line is a mighty good road</i></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>The Rock Island Line is the road to ride</i></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>The Rock Island Line is a mighty good road</i></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>If you want to ride you gotta ride it like you find it</i></span></p><p style="background-color: white; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: start;"></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Get your ticket at the station for the Rock Island Line</i></span></p><div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Interestingly, in a promotional brochure to attract riders, the Rock Island Railroad featured the 1870 Bret Harte poem, <i>Plain Language from Truthful James</i>, published in <span style="text-align: left;">the Overland Monthly, a San Francisco–based literary magazine with humor, pathos, and romantic nostalgia for a lost frontier in the West that helped attract settlers from the East. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This most widely known poem of Harte depicted a card game of euchre in which two white miners plan to cheat a Chinaman, Ah Sin, who they regard as "child-like" and easily taken advantage of. However, Ah Sin outsmarts them and wins with cards he had hidden up his sleeves. When the miners discover the trickery of the "heathen Chinee" one exclaims, "we are ruined by cheap Chinese labor," an allusion to the nationwide fear that Chinese immigrant laborers were taking jobs from white workers, they proceed to give the hapless Chinaman a pummeling. Actually"heathen" means non-Christian and was not accurate but "heathen Chinee" caught on as a popular term of derision. A more appropriate epithet for the Chinese might have been "savage" to contrast it with whites as "civilized." Ironically, Harte had composed the poem to point out the hypocrisy of white racists, but it backfired and created greater rather than less animosity toward "heathen Chinee."</p></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwUEtmNQMgHyBjfeoK5TE95QFAxjFZW3bq9u44mNv9SgjQAiGFO4rMuLY8hzCEiXGBxRAHnn74E1FQOk8wuXA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In 1872 the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad wanted to entice more travel by whites (<i>civilized</i>) through the wild West (<i>savage</i>) on its route from Chicago to California. In a promotional brochure, the imagery evoked by Harte's poem was featured with illustrations to convey a picture of the civilized conquering the uncivilized. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Mexal, Stephan J. Reading for Liberalism: The Overland Monthly and the Writing of the Modern American West Opens in new window. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">See also: <a href="https://chineseamericanhistorian.blogspot.com/2019/03/chinese-as-butts-of-put-down-humor.html">https://chineseamericanhistorian.blogspot.com/2019/03/chinese-as-butts-of-put-down-humor.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-70429265892239785502020-08-24T16:49:00.003-07:002020-08-24T17:01:08.765-07:00China Peak, A Sierra Mountain Named in Honor of A Chinese Cowboy<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arriving in central California from Alabama around 1859, J. A. Blasingame quickly became one of the area’s largest landowners by purchasing land in Fresno County. He entered the stock-raising business, which was very profitable.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-9a50f5a4-7fff-393a-6d47-d030b8008503"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His wife, Mary Jane, wanted a domestic servant and asked him to ‘‘try a China boy, as they were said to be excellent domestic workers with no marrying tendencies." Male Chinese servants were popular among </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">well-to-do white families in California. One writer noted that the Chinese male domestic was ‘‘ingenious about the kitchens and it mends,’’ ‘‘usually teachable,’’ ‘‘generally amiable and pleasant,’’ and ‘‘the friend of the children and seems oftentimes himself but a child of larger growth."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As luck would have it, one day while in San Francisco they saw a Chinese boy of about 13 years old crying inconsolably in front of a store because the owner was angry with him for poor work. After obtaining permission from the boy's employer, Blasingame offered the boy, Charley Lee, an opportunity to live and work in his home near Fresno which he quickly accepted.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But young Lee preferred outdoor life and soon joined the shepherds Blasingame hired to manage his livestock. The Blasingames were sheep ranchers, but by the early 1890s this industry was under fire both locally and nationally. The large herds living in the mountain range were seen as a significant environmental threat because sheep consume natural flora at a high rate. In 1893, President Benjamin Harrison signed an executive order creating a Sierra Forest Reserve, regulated by the federal government.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the head cowboy, Charley Lee, who was regarded more as a family member than an employee, added "Blasingame" to his name. He was both the face and the power of their operation in the Sierra at a place that came to be called China Camp. As a Chinese during a period of growing racism, Lee was often a target for verbal abuse from Basque and Portuguese herders under his authority and who also threatened to disobey instructions of their Chinese American boss. </span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the late 1860s, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">John Muir, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">t</span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">he famous naturalist, and Sierra Club founder in 1891,</span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"> had begun </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">exploring Yosemite and soon advocated </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">conserving the natural beauty of the Sierra. In 1870, Muir was joined by </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">University of California professor Joseph LeConte, Sr. on stu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">dent expeditions to Yosemite. One of the Club’s first causes </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">was successfully arguing for the outright ban on sheep raising. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">During these expeditions, both Muir and LeConte, and his son, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">met Charley Lee. LeConte and Lee established a strong friendship </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">and they met often on LeConte's expeditions. They</span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;"> spent long hours talking around a campfire, swapping </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">stories about their adventures in the mountains, and LeConte made </span><span style="font-family: Arial; white-space: pre-wrap;">a point of bringing him a quart of whiskey during each of his visits.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dd6hWcJfhIY/X0RFE4RurYI/AAAAAAAAzCM/JScd297hcGs7IX04ZzbVo0HLYICQhtMNQCPcBGAYYCw/s834/a%2Bcreen%2BShot.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Charley Lee Blasingame smoking outside his house at China Camp, circa 1919." border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="478" height="512" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dd6hWcJfhIY/X0RFE4RurYI/AAAAAAAAzCM/JScd297hcGs7IX04ZzbVo0HLYICQhtMNQCPcBGAYYCw/w294-h512/a%2Bcreen%2BShot.png" width="294" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica; text-align: left;">Charley Lee Blasingame smoking outside his house at China Camp.</span></div><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-size: 9px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.3px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Lee’s ability to maintain the flocks of sheep he tended required skill navigating the delicate politics to ensure continued access to the reserve. This task entailed constant contact with not only other herders but also the Sierra rangers patrolling the forest. Establishing good relationships was essential if the Blasingames were to continue receiving grazing permits and avoid harassment by the rangers. This was a world inhabited entirely by whites, and yet Lee was able to be successful in negotiating his way. The fact that LeConte named Chinese Peak in Lee’s honor, and that the name was allowed to remain despite controversies over Sierra naming conventions, reflected the reputation Lee enjoyed. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On his deathbed in 1926, Lee insisted that his remains be returned to China although the Blasingame family had offered to bury him in their family plot. ‘‘Alive I’m Blasingame. Dead, I’m Chinaman. Put me in the China graveyard—already paid for when I come to Ame[r]ica,’’ he was reported as saying. Despite how the Blasingame family viewed him, Lee’s self-identification remained firmly Chinese. Ignoring his wishes, Lee was buried in the Blasingame family plot instead. Although done without malice, this action, unfortunately, displayed a lack</span> <span style="font-family: arial;">of cultural understanding.</span></div></div></div><div><br /></div></span><div class="ydp2672265signature"><div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><p class="ydp26ac8d31p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: #b45f06; color: #f3f3f3; font-family: helvetica;">"The Cowboy and the Mountain: Charley Lee Blasingame and Chinese American Interactions in the Sierra Nevada" </span></p><p class="ydp26ac8d31p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: #b45f06; color: #f3f3f3; font-family: helvetica;">Jeffery M. Der Torosian; Bradley W. Hart</span></p><p class="ydp26ac8d31p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: #b45f06; color: #f3f3f3; font-family: helvetica;">Pacific Historical Review (2016) 85 (4): 506–531.</span></p><p class="ydp26ac8d31p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: #b45f06; color: #f3f3f3; font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p class="ydp26ac8d31p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f3f3f3; font-family: helvetica;"><i>China Peak</i> should not be confused with <i>Sing Peak, </i>which is also in Yosemite, and also named after a Chinese, Tie Sing, who was a revered cook for cartographers mapping the regions of Yosemite.</span></p><p class="ydp26ac8d31p1" style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 2.9px 0px 0px;"><a href="https://chineseamericanhistorian.blogspot.com/2012/07/yosemite-mountain-named-in-honor-of.html">https://chineseamericanhistorian.blogspot.com/2012/07/yosemite-mountain-named-in-honor-of.html</a></p></div></div></div></div></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-77559081840477771972020-08-14T20:43:00.010-07:002020-08-14T20:49:29.304-07:00Coming from China And Becoming Americanized, Texas Style<p> Many, if not the majority, of newly arrived immigrants from China take a few years, if ever, to become assimilated and adopt American culture fully. Meet two exceptions of Chinese men who came to Texas and embraced aspects of its culture wholeheartedly.</p><p> <a href="https://youtu.be/7x8L87akI5s">Bruce Wang</a>, an international student in Texas who decided to transform to fit in. He learned a Southern accent by watching Duck Dynasty and got a job on a ranch. AJ+ host Dolly Li traveled to Lubbock to understand how – and why – a Chinese city boy became a Texan. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/7x8L87akI5s" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="983" height="325" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5pIMvbR3ars/XzdWALjoNLI/AAAAAAAAy5o/TphyXlV0zcI591ikqFf-E4ddXae3lSM5QCLcBGAsYHQ/w512-h325/download.png" width="512" /></a></div><p><a href="https://youtu.be/zD4fL0WXNfo" target="_blank">Donald Chen</a> came from China to a Texas ranch where Chinese gun lovers live out firearm fantasies that are largely forbidden in China. For Chen, this is the "American Dream."</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zD4fL0WXNfo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="1198" height="263" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZH_BqjZb010/XzdYvwVl6CI/AAAAAAAAy50/29Ni06_fpm4I7FlceyZJldU1NvAWXUyAACLcBGAsYHQ/w512-h263/download.png" width="512" /></a></div><p>These two Chinese Texans certainly do not match the expectations people have about Chinese immigrants.</p><div><br /></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8835868003235665460.post-75075676734595767752020-08-08T21:36:00.009-07:002021-01-25T21:17:23.627-08:00Chinese fishing in the Channel Islands in mid 19th century.<p style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>Chinese began to develop the abalone industry in Monterey, California in 1853. As the industry developed, Chinese merchant/labor contractors using junks working out of Santa Barbara, controlled the Chinese fishery.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span>As squatters on the Channel Islands, they built camps on the offshore islands where they would fish from skiffs, prying the mollusks from the rocks of shallow waters. Using a long pole with a wedge on one end, they would knock an abalone off a rock and then draw it up with a boat hook. Onshore, after removing the meat from the shell, the abalone was pounded and then boiled in a large kettle and then placed on racks in the sun to dry. When the meat was thoroughly dry, it was packed in sacks for shipment to San Francisco where it was sold both to China as well as to the large Chinese community in San Francisco. The meat was considered a great luxury and was consumed primarily by the more affluent Chinese.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-csyl-r6T9W8/Xy92J8_S9ZI/AAAAAAAAyvo/zMcWNi745fYby7m_K9fKanCw5w0zM2agACLcBGAsYHQ/s463/Screen%2BShot%2B4.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="463" height="345" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-csyl-r6T9W8/Xy92J8_S9ZI/AAAAAAAAyvo/zMcWNi745fYby7m_K9fKanCw5w0zM2agACLcBGAsYHQ/w370-h345/Screen%2BShot%2B4.png" width="370" /></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-csyl-r6T9W8/Xy92J8_S9ZI/AAAAAAAAyvo/zMcWNi745fYby7m_K9fKanCw5w0zM2agACLcBGAsYHQ/s463/Screen%2BShot%2B4.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ddd3b54f-7fff-6255-e4ba-a9c0d56b291a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #fce5cd;">The Chinese abalone industry peaked on Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel and San Clemente islands from 1892 to 1895. In 1900, however, county ordinances were passed that made it illegal to gather abalones from less than twenty feet of water. The regulations completely halted their commercial abalone operations. As the shallow water abalone populations were depleted, Japanese divers moved in and took over the industry. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #fce5cd;">Seven of the eight California Channel Islands have “Chinese” places names, including Chinese Harbor, China Camp, Chinese Point, and China Canyon, names that may have originated from days when Yankee clippers landed Chinese on the islands awaiting a chance to smuggle them over to the mainland.</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #fce5cd;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #fce5cd;">There was ongoing suspicion that the islands were used as stations for smuggling illegal Chinese immigrants. An immigration inspector would travel to the Channel Islands to conduct interviews with Chinese working at abalone camps. </span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-csyl-r6T9W8/Xy92J8_S9ZI/AAAAAAAAyvo/zMcWNi745fYby7m_K9fKanCw5w0zM2agACLcBGAsYHQ/s463/Screen%2BShot%2B4.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Below are selected notes about the Chinese fishermen </span></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.islapedia.com/index.php?title=Chinese_on_the_California_Channel_Islands" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank"></a><a href="https://www.islapedia.com/index.php?title=Chinese_on_the_California_Channel_Islands" target="_blank">from official records</a><span>.</span></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"><b>February 1857 [Hutchings Illustrated California Magazine]: “Captain C. J. W Russell notes “At the present time there are no less than twelve schooners and sloops chartered by Chinamen; besides several hundred of Chinese laborers engaged in this business, as they are an important </b><b>article of consumption to Chinamen in California, in addition to the vast quantities exported by them to their native land. In flavor, these are said to be fully equal to the oyster, especially in soup, and could be introduced advantageously for our own use, and we would suggest to epicures here, to give this dish of ‘John’s’ a trial, for it may be possible that although we might not relish cooked rats, the abalone may be one of the greatest of delicacies to our own people…</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">June 5, 1885 [SBDI]: “The Chinese merchants are experiencing quiet times in their branches of trade. The merchants during the past year, however, have shipped hundreds of dollars worth of abalone shells, to say nothing of the dried fish that has been shipped to San Francisco and thence forwarded to the ‘flowery kingdom.’ Sing Chung and Co. have a number of men constantly employed in hunting, fishing, and gathering shells in and around the several islands that are within a few hours sail of Santa Barbara. They own their own boats, and in fact everything that pertains to the business in which they pursue. Their Chinese junks are commanded by Mongolians, who have been brought up on their own water, and can reef and furl with true American style…”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">June 22, 1885 [SBDI]: “Misconceptions as to the sailing qualities of a Chinese junk. Yesterday the reporter of this paper, in company with contractor Mix and others, visited the Chinese junk, a frail-looking vessel that is moored in our harbor, having not long since arrived from the lower coast, where she has been engaged in the hunting trade. A sunburned Chinaman, wearing loose pants made out of canvas duck, hatless, unbleached cotton shirt unbuttoned down the front, greeted us upon the arrival of our boat, and in pigeon English extended our crowd a hearty welcome, and assisted us over the bulwarks of the vessel. He afterwards proved to be the captain… The boat is a veritable Chinese junk, built and manned by Chinamen, and from her mast floats the emblem of their country, which affords a striking contrast with the hull of the boat which is painted black… she smells very strong of fish. Her capacity is not great, owing to her peculiar shape, as she appears narrow and her stern runs forward in such angle that it leaves but little of the boat to rest upon the water. Her cabin is dark, dingy, and uninviting. No windows nor means of ventilation of any kind except a small aperture, just large enough to permit a man’s body to pass through, and through this hole, you have to pass in order to reach the cabin. Here we found a man at work netting seines and nets which they use in their business. The meshes were not quite an inch square and the work was systematically performed. The crew seemed pleased at our coming aboard, and in order to show their appreciation, they treated us to brandy, cigars, and fresh-made tea. They carry no nautical instruments, not even a compass, and their navigation is entirely done by landmarks, as they seldom go out of sight of land…”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">August 29, 1885 [SBDP]: “A new Santa Barbara industry is the drying of abalone meat for shipment to San Francisco and export to China where it is regarded as a delicacy by the natives. Sing Chung and Sing Hop, Chinese merchants engaged in the trade, have sent for exhibition several specimens of the dried meat, as well as a number of handsomely polished abalone shells.”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">August 28, 1887 [SBDI]: “Protect the fish. Considerable interest is manifested in the efforts of the State Board of Fish Commissioners to suppress the destruction of immature fish in the bays of the Northern Coast. Chinese fishermen are said to use nets of illegal size with very small meshes…</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">September 18, 1891 [VSFP]: “Recent developments indicate that the gang of opium smugglers, known to be strung on the Pacific Coast, has found a new field of operations along the shores of the Santa Barbara Channel, and, all things considered, the wonder is that the field was not found long ago. Possibly, indeed it was… those islands themselves, several of them deserted rocks inhabited only during a part of the year by Chinese fishermen, and honey-combed with wave-worn caves, afford a thousand hiding places for the drug. </span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">July 7, 1892 [CDT]: “Attempt to smuggle Chinamen. British Columbian schooner, the Eliza Edwards, is hovering off the California coast with a cargo of Chinese immigrants which it is trying to land on United States soil… The attempt to land coolies is likely to be made, it is thought, near Santa Barbara…”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">December 2, 1892 [SBMP]: “The government agent for registering Chinese of this place has not been able to secure any names up to date. This registration is a formality that John Chinamen can’t exactly ‘savey.’”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">May 22, 1894 [SBDI]: “The Abalone Trade. Anyone who has ever tasted abalone soup when it was fixed ‘just right,’ has never forgotten how good it was, and often longs for another chance. But the abalone consumed by the local trade is insignificant compared to the vast quantity shipped annually to San Francisco and the Chinese, and they prepare it in various ways, making it almost as edible as the rat when properly cooked. Unlike the rat, however, abalone can be eaten raw, and anyone stranded on an isle of the Santa Barbara group need not suffer for lack of food. There the abalone abounds, and its favorite lurking place is around the edges where the water comes up and cools them off. There is no time that parties of Chinamen are not on some places on the islands, gathering these shellfish from the rocks, and schooner load after sloop load are landed at the wharf every year. The shell forms a valuable commodity, also, being used extensively for mother-of-pearl inlaid work, and also for buttons. The price of shells is low at present, owing to dull times and the decreasing demand for buttons. But abalone itself is always in demand, so much so that there is a fear of the race becoming extinct. The legislature should include the abalone in the fish and game laws, and pass an amendment that only the old tough ones should be picked for a few years, until a generation or two can gain a foothold.”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">1892-1895 U.S. Commission of Fish & Fisheries Report: “The Chinese have a monopoly in the abalone fishery, and in preparing, eating, and marketing of the dried abalones. The meat and shells are handled by a Chinese merchant at Santa Barbara and by him forwarded to other Chinese at San Francisco, where, having supplied any local demand for dried abalone from the islands of Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel and San Clemente.”</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #04ff00;">May 31, 1898 [LAT/SD]: “Will Gerrull, well-known as a skipper of vessels of the guano fleet, was arrested this evening on a charge of smuggling Chinese into the United States. Francisco Reyes, who is accused of a like offense, was also taken into custody at the same time. Chinese Inspector Putnam of Los Angeles has been anxious to obtain the arrests of these men for the past two months.”</span></b></p><p><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #04ff00;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">May 31, 1898 [LAT/SD]: “Will Gerrull, well-known as a skipper of vessels of the guano fleet, was arrested this evening on a charge of smuggling Chinese into the United States. Francisco Reyes, who is accused of a like offense, was also taken into custody at the same time. Chinese Inspector Putnam of Los Angeles has been anxious to obtain the arrests of these men for the past two months.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">February 26, 1899 [LAT]: “Abalones. The big shellfish known as the abalone is valuable not only for the shell, but also for the meat, which is highly prized by the Chinese, although Americans are apt to find it rather tough and indigestible. A good many people make their living on this coast by gathering abalones…The Chinese are the purchasers of the abalone meat, and the shells are shipped to Europe where they are fashioned into buttons and various novelties. The raw shells are said to be worth about $40 per ton delivered at European ports, while the Mongolians pay 3 or 4 cents per pound for the meat.”</span></div></div><p style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: #990000; color: #f9cb9c;">April 15, 1899 [SBMP]: “The Chinamen who own the abalone shells which have been stored on the wharf for several weeks, are shipping them out of the country before the ordinance prohibiting the shipment of abalones out of the country goes into effect.”</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">December 8, 1901 [LAT/SB]: “Judge Day of the Superior Court rendered a decision in the habeas corpus proceedings of Ah Jim, convicted of taking abalones under size prescribed by law. The decision sustained the lower court. The question involved was the validity of the Penal Code referring to the protection of fish. The petitioners held that abalones are not fish, and cited Section 26 of Article IV as the basis of their contention. Judge Day denied the writ and remanded the prisoner to custody. The ruling on abalones affects crawfish as well.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">April 26, 1902 [LAT]: “…Chinese are systematically smuggled in over the Canadian and Mexican borders, and from the Santa Barbara islands in the guise of fishermen, through the collusion of bribed officials…”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">April 5, 1903 [LAT]: “A big howl is going up because of the order just issued by the Treasury Department at Washington, declaring Santa Barbara no longer a subport of entry, which it has been for several years. The order, which just went into effect, includes the retirement of Arthur C. Greenwell, who has held the position of collector for the past four years… it would be no difficult task for vessels from British Columbia or Mexican ports to land upon one of the Channel Islands Chinese, who could easily make their way to the mainland unobserved, unless official vigilance were exercised.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">October 7, 1902 [LAT/SB]: “The Board of Supervisors this afternoon passed an ordinance imposing a license tax of $400 a year on all abalone fishermen engaged on the islands in the Santa Barbara Channel. The tax will practically prohibit further operations. Within the past few months, hordes of Chinese and Japanese have been gathering abalones, drying the meat for export to Oriental countries, where it is a popular article of food, and disposing of the shells to button and curio factories. The business has been carried on so extensively that it is now necessary for the fishermen to work among the rocks beneath the surface of the water, clothed in diving suits, and abalones, which formerly were very plentiful, have been nearly exterminated.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">February 15, 1904 [LAT/SA]: “Chinese fishermen from San Pedro have been taking more than a ton a day of abalones from the rocks on the Laguna Beach. They are all shipped to San Pedro for export.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">February 19, 1904 [LAT/SA]: “The Supervisors have passed an ordinance making it a misdemeanor for any person to catch in one day more than twenty-five pounds of abalones or to have more in his possession—either abalones or shells. The ordinance is to go into effect March 3. The passage of the measure is rendered necessary by the depredations of Chinese fishermen at Laguna, where they have caught and carried off abalones by the ton, taking them both for the meat and shells, and threatening to exterminate than in that locality.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">July 29, 1904 [VFP]: “During the past week government officers have been in Ventura secretly at work in an attempt to capture parties who are suspected of smuggling Chinese into the country. Reports are persistent that Chinese are being landed on the Channel Islands, and then landed from small boats on the mainland between Ventura and Santa Barbara. The reports were the cause of the cruise of the Revenue Cutter Manning in the Channel Islands recently.”</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #04ff00;">November 11, 1911 [LAT]: “San Pedro, Nov. 10—Conclusive proof that contraband Chinese are being smuggled into Los Angeles county, along the sheer and rocky coast between San Pedro and Redondo Beach was unearthed today by George H. Sweet, United States Immigration Inspector. Several days ago, Ed Lindskow, a lobster fisherman, found a discarded Chinese suit of clothing on the beach near Point Vicente, about twelve miles up the coast from Point Firmin, and turned it over to the inspector. Inspector Sweet drove to Point Vicente, but made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the beach, the bluff being too precipitous. Today he chartered a launch and made the trip up the coast to the rendezvous of the Chinese smugglers. In a cave near Point Vicente, which he was able to reach only by a skiff or row boat, under a towering cliff, the inspector located a cave in a wild tangle of underbrush and wild holly, which had been apparently used for a considerable time as a cache for concealing the wily orientals. The cave was not visible either from the land side or by passing steamers. In the cave, four complete Chinese suits were found, which had apparently been changed for American clothing. Scattered around were wrappings from packages bearing Chinese writing, covers from packages of Mexican cigarettes, a blanket and various articles which had been used for cooking. The retreat had been used for a considerable time as a regular camp, as numerous fires had been built, the charred embers still being in evidence. Inspector Sweet's theory is that the contraband Chinese are brought up from Mexico and taken to some cave on one of the Channel Islands until a favorable opportunity arrives to transport them to the mainland in small launches. The cave at Point Vicente afforded the smugglers a safe retreat until such time as the Chinese could be conducted inland. Early last July a strange launch, having high speed appeared on a foggy night off Point Vicente and gave mysterious signals to another launch bound from Redondo Beach to San Pedro. Evidently the wrong launch was signaled, for the occurrence was reported to the immigration authorities. An investigation was made at the time but the Coast rendezvous of the smugglers remained a mystery until unearthed by Inspector Sweet this morning.”</span></div><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DenjjNAaTLU/Xy9yQym4H9I/AAAAAAAAyvc/hYHDb76Osq4neN1Gth-fo0VYi6pdJo6GwCLcBGAsYHQ/s675/675px-SCat_Chinese_1880.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span face="" style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DenjjNAaTLU/Xy9yQym4H9I/AAAAAAAAyvc/hYHDb76Osq4neN1Gth-fo0VYi6pdJo6GwCLcBGAsYHQ/s675/675px-SCat_Chinese_1880.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="675" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DenjjNAaTLU/Xy9yQym4H9I/AAAAAAAAyvc/hYHDb76Osq4neN1Gth-fo0VYi6pdJo6GwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/675px-SCat_Chinese_1880.png" width="640" /></a></div>Chinese American Historian By Chancehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07854899482394875674noreply@blogger.com0